The Nuiances of Reflection Essay for English Class

The Nuiances of Reflection Essay for English Class Reflection Essay for English Class Ideas Sometimes you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. You're working because you've got zero selection. A good deal of the moment, it will help to break down each process into subsections. When you own a purpose, nobody can take that from you. What's Really Happening with Reflection Essay for English Class The introduction portion of the essay is followed by the body section, that is the major part of the paper. Everyone has the capacity to compose the ideal essay. The ideal thing about us is that each time you can buy original essay papers for sale. Then the ideal approach is place a request I want to acquire essay papers written. The research paper ought to be interesting to read from the start to the end. The duration of the essay is usually dependent on the difficulty and number of steps it takes. This sample is just meant to help you write your own process essay. English essay samples require in order to be thoroughly analyzed and understood for the youthful student before trying to compose his magnum opus. Things You Won't Like About Reflection Essay for English Class and Things You Will Provided that the aim is reached, the assessment does not need to be fixed. In the span of time you will enhance your classes, and when you compose it for the very first time, you will learn to quickly remove it. There are a couple things I do feel I lack the confidence and skill to do, and that is precisely what I aspire to gain from participating in Capstone. A good example of my personal meditative growth has arrived from everyday living for a freshman. Choosing Reflection Essay for English Class As the last paragraph is represents your very last opportunity to create your case and, being such, should stick to an extremely rigid format. Moreover, a couple of hours of class time will want to get allocated so as to present the collages. View our site provides a completely free scrawl after which they could use their redaction to create the acceptable amendments that delivers dependable and comprehensive feedback. Some can take a couple minutes while some take months or perhaps even years to finish. When you talk to a client do not assume they understand much of what you need to offer you. You're the master of your domain and you're ultimately in charge of your happiness. With the introduction of digital tools, an array of media options are readily available to utilize for learning. Software English writing software will stop you when you're redaction your documents. Our writers always create unique content that is totally free from all grammatical error. Her idea proved to be a financial literacy eLearning platform named MeVest. The reader should know this and it's your job as the writer to paint the correct picture in their opinion. He should be able to gather the vital information at one go, hence it needs to be clear and unambiguous. The Reflection Essay for English Class Game Tomorrow you'll see a couple more points to speak about and think of additional methods to say things. Your customer may opt not to go with the bigger project after counting the extra expenses. One of many reasons are environment is polluted is due to household waste. Imagine the pressure of knowing that in case you forget a day of work or whether you get sick, you might be unable to eat or pay your rent. What Does Reflection Essay for English Class Mean? Words tell a whole lot more than a story. Now proceed to compose the ending. Reverse the sequence, then e arn a poem. The Hidden Secret of Reflection Essay for English Class It's not made for learning but just for a brief reflection. People today cruise about and honk to discover the closest spot to the mall's entrance. Starting over was painful but a lot of the time it was really well worth it. Begin a poem in the manner in which you're most comfortable with. It's this very reason religion plays an important role in influencing entire families. The truth is that no matter in which you turn, religion is a significant portion of culture and influences everyone on some level. On the flip side, there is not any denying that religions still play a valued role for the majority of people on Earth. Though there are lots of religions which are still practiced in the planet, it is crucial to find out what role they play in culture and thinking. With teachings like the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, individuals can start to find out what truly matters in their very own dai ly lives. If you're likely to use words to make certain that the public will have the ability to match the kind of your paper. You may easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. Some people today recommend copying out good examples by hand to have a sense of the way the language of a specific genre works. When writing, it's important to understand the perspective you're attempting to portray. This writing exercise does not need to the done this precise same way either. The introduction gives a summary of the topic accessible. Writing in French is exactly like any sort of writing.

McDonalds Ethical Responsibility - 1358 Words

McDonald’s: Ethical Responsibility Small business owners of fortune 500 companies, democrats, republicans, men and women all have ethical responsibilities that should always be considered. Mc Donald’s is a well-known restaurant around the world. Some people enjoy this fast food restaurant and also have made Mc Donald’s one of the leading fast food companies. Although, Mc Donald may have some tasty food, there are still many critics that think Mc Donald’s may have a lot of ethical issues and company violations. Some consider being ethical is simply defined as knowing the difference between what is considered good and evil. However, ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behavior, and the practices that†¦show more content†¦Seeing that Mc Donald’s operation was moving fast and effective, the soon to be franchisee, Ray Kroc, wanted in. McDonald’s met with Ray Kroc and as a salesman he sold milk shake mixers and offered him a dream of opening a McDonald’s. After agreeing to allow Mr. Kroc to open more franchises in different locations, the rest was history. The Ray Kroc Story states that, â€Å"Ray Kroc wanted to build a restaurant system that would be famous for food of consistently high quality and uniform methods of preparation. He wanted to serve burgers, buns, fries and beverages that tasted just the same in Alaska as they did in Alabama (Kroc, 2009).† Ethics Issues: McDonald’s Corporation has been growing and spreading internationally for the past three decades. Although McDonald’s seems convenient, cheap and clean, there are many negative aspects of the business. McDonald’s has a long history of terrible labor practices. Employees working for McDonalds are usually forced to work for low pay and long hours with little to no benefits, employees who work on major holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas are not paid overtime. Unfair wages is a widespread problem for McDonald’s workers year-round. The work environment is usually unsanitary and unhealthy for employees and negatively impacting other cultures, the unethical practices of this large fast food corporation are known but do not seem to detract from theShow MoreRelatedCsr Mcdonalds1534 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and socially responsible business practice? Discuss with reference to case studies of your choi ce (1200-1500 words). This essay will analyse the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and socially responsible business practice. The purpose of this essay is to identify the advantages and limitations of following business ethics and act socially responsible in business operations. In order to help me analyse those furtherRead MoreMcdonald s Strength And Weakness1280 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract McDonalds is considered to be the world’s largest and most globally known fast food restaurant, which serves approximately 69 million consumers daily. This report will evaluate McDonald’s strength and weakness in terms of their ethical claims. The main aim of this report is to consider the reasons why McDonalds has been criticized by most of its consumers in terms of its pollution to its environment and the destruction natural rain forest, furthermore this report will discuss the nutritionRead MoreEthical Challenges Faced By Mcdonald s1338 Words   |  6 PagesEthical challenges faced by McDonald’s Introduction Globalization and industrialization has influenced international business and ethics to consider a different approach to culture. There are certain perspectives to culture which demand change in the organizational and managerial functions. International companies today formulate separate business plans to strategically overcome cultural and ethical challenges in host countries. Globalization has internationally integrated the world with respectRead MoreThe Pyramid Of Corporate Social Responsibility1262 Words   |  6 Pages It’s the responsibility of the top managers in an organization/business to conduct the business in accordance with the intent to follow all the company guidelines. In fact, this would allow the organization to make as much money as possible while maintain the basic rules of society, both of the embodied of the law and those of the ethical custom. In today’s business world any corporations who spend shareholder’s money if they invested any money in their company would be face with penalties and chargesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Group Paper1344 Words   |  6 Pages MGMT 2130 (Section 002) Corporate Social Responsibility Group Paper Brenda Lang Marisa Arnholtz, Kyla Mackie, Cassidy Makus October 19, 2015 â€Æ' Corporate Social Responsibility Group Paper In 1955, the McDonald’s franchise was established by Ray Kroc. Since then, it has been a growing success in the food and drink industry, directly and indirectly employing over 200,000 people throughout Canada. (McDonald’s, 2015, para. 2). McDonald’s is generating nearly $4.5 billion in the local annualRead MoreEthical Issues Facing McDonalds1772 Words   |  7 PagesProblem/Issue Identification Ethical Issues Facing McDonalds McDonalds puts in a lot of effort in supporting children with severe diseases. However, the diet this company offers contributes to heart diseases, asthma, obesity, and likely even mad cow disease. Adults and children are getting the wrong message in the society today. For instance, around 59 of 250 hospitals house fast food restaurants. Expenditure on fast foods from McDonalds has been on the rise as years pass by. The company has beenRead MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words   |  6 PagesII (A). INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING MCDONALDS Due to globalization and increased competition in the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonald’s. There are various internal and external environmental factors affecting the functions of McDonald’s corporation and demands for new innovations. The factors are as follows: Internal Factors: Internal factors are the factors within the company, which affects the success and operation of business. The company canRead MoreOPM 300 Module 1 Session Long Project Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesLong Project Dr. Tu For the session long project, I will analyze one of the supply chain operations the McDonalds Corporation. I will discuss how the logistic operations enable the same quality in service no matter which restaurant you go to; and how that leads to the business strategy of this company. Ray Kroc, the founder and owner of McDonalds, once stated once stated that â€Å"He wanted to serve burgers, buns, fries and beverages that tasted just the same in Alaska as theyRead MoreMcDonald, unethical marketing?821 Words   |  4 PagesMcDonald is the largest leading multinational fast food restaurant with more than 33000 food chains worldwide in 119 countries, serving 68 millions of customers daily. Despite McDonald’s prevalent brand name under globalization, many of its marketing strategies are come into question in terms of ethnicity. In the following essay, some of those unethical issues of McDonald being criticized will be analyzed based on the values-oriented framework, which refers to the AMA Statement ofRead MoreStrengths And Strengths Of Mcdonald s1262 Words   |  6 PagesStrengths Strengths of McDonald’s in relation to its three motivation principles for a sustainable supply chain include the safe and high quality products without supply interruption.Safe and quality products go hand and hand with each other.Safe products include both the human and environmental safety aspects, and high quality products exceed the typical standards for products. Human safety from McDonald’s items include the USDA approved food standards, as well as each other country’s nationally

How to Prepare Performance Report of a Company

Questions: Task 11. Prepare a performance report for the two companies for consideration by the directors of Chelsea Plc indicating which of the two companies you consider to be abetter acquisition, the directors require an analysis of these ratios and explanation2. Indicate what other information is needed before a final decision can be madeTask 21) Calculate the annual cash flows for each of the five years.2) Using the investment appraisal methods calculate the ARR, Payback, NPV and IRR 3) Advise the client on whether this project should be accepted or rejected based on methods used above.Task 31. You are required to prepare a cash budget for the four months August to November 2014. The opening cash balance at 1 August 2014 is 15,400.2. Budgeting is one of the areas that the management are keen to improve on, could you provide an explanation of why budgeting is beneficial to a business and whatcan be done to enhance the budgeting process? Answers: Solution to the Required Task 1 1. Chelsea Plc is considering two companies Kensington (K) and Wimbledon (W) as the target companies which we are required to compare and advice which one is the better target for acquisition. There is certain profitability, activity and liquidity ratios are given for both the companies as well as the industry standards, we need to analyze all such ratios and conclude the decision. Let us discuss and analyze each ratios one by one (Bodie, et al, 2011). Return on Capital Employed is computed by dividing the net operating profit with the employed capital. It denotes the profit earned for each of capital employed in the company. The more the profits for the company the better it is so the higher the ROCE ratio the better it is for the company. Here the industry average given for this ratio is 20 whereas the W (28) has higher of this ratio from both industry as well as of Ks (22) (Burns and Morris, 2014). Therefore both the company is better off but W is more profitable. (Return On Capital Employed) Return on equity is a profitability ratio from the investors point of view since it is the ratio of the net income earned from the shareholders fund. It reflects the efficiency of the company to use the shareholders money and earn profit from it. In this ratio also W has higher ratio then both K and Industry thus it is in better position (Cao, 2011). Acquiring W will help Chelsea gain more confidence from investors since they will have sense of security that there fund is utilized in creating shareholders wealth and not destroying it. (Return on equity ratio) Gross profit and Net Profit ratios are the ratios computed by dividing the respective profits by the sales. This ratio reflects the percentage of profit earned on certain level of sales. Here in the given case study gross and net profit ratio of K is better than industrys average but of W is worst which denotes that profitability of W is lower when compared to that of K. It may be due to mismanagement or unnecessary expenditures which can be corrected by Chelsea after acquisition. Therefore we can say that analyzing the profitability ratios Wimbledon is better target firm. (Gross Profit Ratio) (Net Profit Ratio) Total Asset Turnover ratio indicates Net sales divided by average total assets. The higher ratio is preferable since it indicates that company is efficiently using its assets to generate sales. Here also W is better off from K as well as from the industry standards. Non-current asset ratio is similar only difference being here only the fixed assets is considered and not the total assets. This denotes how efficiently the company is utilizing its fixed asset in generating income for the financers. W has a ratio of 12 whereas Industry and K has 5.1 and 2.3 respectively (Cherneva, 2012). Thus in both the above ratios W is surpassing all other comparisons. (Asset turnover ratio) (Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio) Receivables collection period are the credit period allowed to debtors. The time period it takes to realize the sales amount in cash is known as receivable collection period. This period is preferred to be lower since the faster the collection is made the sooner the cash can be rolled back into the operating cycle. Here as per the given data W has the lowest collection period and thus it is preferable. (Accounts receivable Collection Period) Inventory holding period is the period which is required to sell the product to the consumers kept in stock. Like receivable collection period lower inventory holding period will shorten the days to complete one operating cycle and thus will allow Company grab more opportunities (Clift, 2011). Here also the holding period of W is lowest and thus it is in better position. (Average age of Inventory) In all the liquidity ratios such as current ratio, acid test ratio and debt equity ratio which is considered lower the better W is in better position thus we conclude that in almost all the ratios W is a better acquisition target. (Current Ratio) These ratios help us to analyze how the various areas are being covered under the ratios and how the decisions can be based on that ratios. Such as debt equity ratios helps us to measure the amount that the company uses as debt for financing the capital and the debt burden also for the company. The various other ratios shows how the company is liquid enough t pay off the debts and the liquidity structure of the company. The ROCE and ROE is one of the valuable measurements to measure the companys profitability ratio. By calculating the ROCE for both the companies W and K, it has been observed that the ROCE of W Company is 28 and the ROCE of K Company is 22 (Zhang et al., 2011). This shows that the profitability ratio of W Company is more than the K Company. So, acquiring W will be better for Chelsea to earn more profit from the market. The ROE of W Company is much better than K Company, so it would be better to acquire W by Chelsea Plc. So the Chelsea Plc Company should acquire the W Company to earn huge amounts of profit from market. If the company had more profitability ratio then the observation reflects that the company has more equity value as compared with the debt value of the company. It has been also found that the average borrowing rate is much less for the W Company (Glantz, 2014). So, the management of Chelsea Plc Company should merge with the W Company. 2. Final Decision cannot make only based on some ratios. Certain other aspects should be considering before deciding. These are as following in nature: Shares issued by the company Numbers of shares that are issues by the company to generate the funds for the operational activities of the company are mainly base on the final decision making strategies of the organization. Acquisition activities of the company Acquisition of a new or popular product in the company is also primary factors that are required to be considering during the final decision taken by the organization. The acquisition activities of the company are mainly base on the decision-making criteria of the particular organization. Research Activities Researches of several articles by independent analysts are also required and essential for the decision-making strategies of the organization are mainly base on the certain activities of the company is support the organization to take beneficial decision about the company. Borrowings of the company There are several debt amount which is taken by the company which is required to be settle after acquisition activity of company which is mainly based on the capabilities of the organization to fulfilled their organizational obligations which is based on the financial capabilities of the organization. Legal Obligations The legal obligations that are mainly base on the several activities of the company as per the pending legal obligations of the company. Moreover, those are required to sort out the company rules and policies measured by the company. There are certain value addition activities which are required for the decision making activities of the organization which is based on the maintaining the goodwill of the company. Human Resource Activities The decision-making activities of the company that is mainly based on the expenditures and the employees retrenchment activities that are mainly base on the certain activities of the organization as per the compatibility of the product line of the organization. Product price affordability The products price affordability of the company is base on the different purpose of the company decision-making activities of the organization. The decision-making strategies of the organization are mainly base on the several strategies follow by the organization. Mode of Payment The decision-making strategies of the company are mainly base on the several essential activities of the organization for choosing the proper mode of payment of the organization. this is the one of the most famous decision-making aspects of the organization in compare to the others aspects of the organization. Work Culture Environment The objectives behind the research on the work culture of the company are mainly base on the organizational decision and which is base on the certain activities of the company. The company is mainly depends upon the certain activities of the cultural factors of the company. Merger Activities The earnings after merger should evaluate to decide acquisition of the company is mainly support the company to take essential decisions about the organization about their financial and operational activities of the company (Gowthorpe, 2011). Task 2 1. As per the research of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd. Company can provide some standard service which has been recently developed by them. For the service provision it requires special machinery which costs 100,000 with a residual value of 20,000 after 5 years. The companys cost of capital is 12% which can set as the benchmark to achieve this target at least to check the projects viability in some of the appraisal methods. We have been asked to prepare the annual cash flows each year given the data of estimated sales in units each year (Guiso and Rustichini, 2011). These cash flows are calculated by multiplying the contribution per unit amount with the units per year given. The following table shows the computation of annual cash flows each year: Annual Cash Flows Particulars Details Years 1 2 3 4 5 Units Sold - 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 Amount (in ) Annual Cash Inflow SP @ 12per unit 60,000 120,000 180,000 180,000 60,000 Annual Cash Outflow VC @ 8 per unit 40,000 80,000 120,000 120,000 40,000 Net Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 2. The company requires us to compute the investment appraisal methods using different methods such as accounting rate of return, payback period, internal rate of return and net present value method. In the accounting rate of return method average accounting profit of all the years involved in the project is computed and then it is divided by the amount of initial investment resulting in a return percentage (Sagner, 2014). It is also called simple rate of return because it is easy to compute and also simple ratio. ARR is used in investment appraisal it helps in deciding whether the project is viable to adopt or not. The following steps show the computation of the ARR. Since this is rate of return therefore higher the return more viable is the project in this method. (Jan, 2013) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Step 1: Computing Annual Depreciation Initial Investment 100000 Salvage Value 20000 No of years 5 Annual Depreciation 16000 Step 2: Computing Average Accounting Profit Years Cash Flows Depreciation Accounting Profit 1 20,000 16,000 4,000 2 40,000 16,000 24,000 3 60,000 16,000 44,000 4 60,000 16,000 44,000 5 20,000 16,000 4,000 Total Accounting Profit 120,000 Salvage Value 20,000 Average Accounting Profit 28,000 Step 3: Computing Accounting Rate of Return Average Accounting Profit (in ) 28000 Initial Investment (in ) 100000 ARR (in %) 28 Particulars Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial Investment (100,000) - - - - - Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Cumulative Cash Flows (100,000) (80,000) (40,000) 20,000 80,000 100,000 Fraction Calculations - n/m n/m 0.66666667 0.33333333 4 Payback Period (in yrs) 2.667 Payback period is the method which determines the time period in which the initial investment can be recovered resulting profits in further years. Here in the mentioned question the company has an initial investment of 100,000 which will be recovered in the next 5 years since the project lifetime is such. The payback period can be computed in many alternate ways but here we have calculated by using the excel formulae (Ramsden, 2011). After dividing the absolute value of the last cumulative negative cash flows with the cash flow of the first positive cumulative cash flows, we have added it to the number of years before the first positive cumulative cash flows (Harris, 2013). The following table shows the payback period computation with the help of excel formulae in the excel sheet. The worksheet has been attached. (Ajay, 2013) There are many investment appraisal methods but Net present value method is very prevalent and commonly used. It includes the effect of time value of money thus making the method more effective and appropriate for decision making. In the project the present values are computed by discounting the cash flows each year. The sum of these present values is subtracted with the initial investment to compute the net present value (Peterson, et al, 2012). If the NPV is positive then the project is viable and if it is negative it is not viable. Sometimes the salvage value is also given that gets realized at the end year of the project, in that case we add up the present value of the salvage value with the cash flows of that year and compute the NPV accordingly (Holton, 2012). The following table shows the computation of the NPV of the given problem with help of excel formulae. (NPV IRR, 2013) Particulars Discounting Rate 12% Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial Investment (100,000) - - - - - Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Salvage Value - - - - - 20,000 Present Values (100,000) 17,857 31,888 42,707 38,131 22,697 NPV 53,280 Since the NPV is positive in the above calculation thus the project is viable for the company. Internal Rate of Return is the method which compares the inflows and the outflows making it equal. The discounting rate at which the inflow gets equal to outflow is the IRR. The project with the greater IRR should be selected since it is better to have higher IRR. The project is considered viable if the IRR is greater than the hurdle rate. The below table shows the IRR computation using the Excel formulae: (Formulae for calculating IRR in excel) Particulars Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash Flows (100,000) 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 27% Since the above IRR is greater than the companys hurdle rate of 12% we consider the project is viable. In the absence of further information we assume the companys cost o capital to be its hurdle rate for the IRR computation. (Formulae for computing NPV in Excel) From the above calculation, it has been observed that the company has invested 100,000 Pound in purchasing a new machine for their manufacturing process. In the first year, the management of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd has a cash inflow around 17,857 Pounds in the first year. In the second year, the management of the firm has received a cash inflow of 31,888 Pounds from the machine installed for the production purpose. In the third year, the company has received around 42,707 Pounds and has a cash inflow of 38,131 Pounds and 22,697 Pounds in the fourth and fifth year respectively. It has been observed from the calculation that the total cash inflow from the machine is 153,280 Pounds in the last five years. The total net present value of the cash inflow is 53,280 Pounds (Media, 2012). As the net present value of the cash flow is positive, the management of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd should invest in the machine to earn more profit. If we compare the NPV, IRR a nd ARR, it has been observed that the NPV is positive; IRR is more than the hurdle rate of the project (IMA., 2012). The ARR value is 28 % which is very healthy foer the investors to get back the money from the investment. It can be stated that the management of the company can invest in the machine. 3. Since as per the above calculations we get that all the methods give a positive indication towards the project thus the project is completely viable. In the ARR the rate of return earned is quite high i.e. 28%. Similarly in payback period method the years computed is 2.67 years for a five year project which is almost half the total time period which is a positive sign. The company will be able to recover its investment soon and invest in some other new project reaping only profits from this project in further years. The NPV and IRR are also giving good appraisal since the NPV is positive with the good margin and the IRR is greater than the double of the hurdle rate. Thus considering all of the above methods we advise the client to accept the project. Task 3 1. The bookkeeper of the Pedrosa Plc has fallen sick and the new staff is inexperienced. Therefore the directors of the company wishes if we can help them in anyways. It requires preparing a cash budget for the period of four months from the period Aug to Nov 14. Some information is provided to us by whom we will have to prepare the budget. There are sales and purchase value for the six months period is given. 40% of the total sales constitute cash sales which are realized immediately whereas 60% of the sales are credit sales with a one month credit period given to the debtors (Kimmel, et al, 2011). Similarly the suppliers also provide 1 month credit period which means this months purchase will be paid in the next month. The depreciation charge of 2,500 per month is non cash expenditure and thus will not be included in the cash budget. The following tables show the cash budget for four months and the appendix attached. Cash Budget For the period Aug '14 to Nov '14 Particulars Details August September October November (in ) (in ) (in ) (in ) Opening Cash balance given for Aug 15,400 37,240 43,390 48,930 Inflows Cash Sales Appendix 1 27,060 24,160 23,400 22,200 Collection from debtors Appendix 1 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 Rent Income Given 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 Total Inflows (A) 90,640 110,990 112,030 115,230 Outflows Payment to Suppliers Appendix 2 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 Wages Appendix 3 18,000 18,000 18,000 19,080 Dividend Given - 16000 - - Payment for Machinery Appendix 4 - - 12,500 6,250 Total Outflows (B) 53,400 67,600 63,100 60,080 Closing Balance (A-B) 37,240 43,390 48,930 55,150 Appendix 1 Sales Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sales Volume given 65,300 67,650 60,400 58,500 55,500 64,600 Cash sales 40% of sales above 26,120 27,060 24,160 23,400 22,200 25,840 Credit Sales 60% of Sales 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 33,300 38,760 Collection From Debtors 1 month credit period - 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 33,300 Appendix 2 Purchases Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Purchase Amount given 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 35,650 35,600 Payment to suppliers 1 month credit period - 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 35,650 Appendix 3 Wages Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Wages 6% inc. from nov onwards 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 19,080 19,080 Appendix 4 Machinery Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Installments Payment 25% in Oct, rest in 6 months (Cost= 50,000) - - - 12,500 6,250 6,250 2. Budgeting is the process of managing and approximating the expenditure and the income. It is a plan prepared for future to keep a balance between the income and expense. Budgeting is also very vital in fulfilling the financial needs of the company as they have the plan at hand ready to work on different situations accordingly. Preparation of budgets such as cash budget, purchase budget, sales budget etc helps in proper evaluation of the companys performance. Any deviation from the budget will alert the management to take necessary actions and work accordingly. (What is Budgeting?) (Nordmeyer) There can be various ways to enhance the budgeting process. Not achieving it alerts the management and makes them pay more heed to such process. Corporate Performance Management (CPM) and Performance Based Budgeting (PBB) are the ways to enhance the budgeting process (Marney and Tarbert, 2011). The cost benefit analysis is significant in this budgeting process. Thus we conclude that for every organization preparing a budget is crucial part in its management process. (Performance Based Budgetting, 2015) Bibliography Accounts receivable Collection Period. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/receivables-collection-period Ajay. (2013, April 4). Calculating Payback period in Excel. Retrieved June 6, 2015, from Techtites: https://techtites.com/calculating-payback-period-in-excel/ Asset turnover ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from my accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/asset-turnover-ratio Average age of Inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/average-age-of-inventory.asp Current Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/current-ratio Debt-Equity Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting courses: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/debt-to-equity-ratio Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fixed-asset-turnover.asp Formulae for calculating IRR in excel. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/022615/what-formula-calculating-internal-rate-return-irr-excel.asp Formulae for computing NPV in Excel. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/021115/what-formula-calculating-net-present-value-npv-excel.asp Gross Profit Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=129791 How to analyze acquisition? (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from WikiHow: https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-an-Acquisition Jan, I. (2013). ARR. Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Explained: https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/capital-budgeting/arr Net Profit Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/net-profit-ratio Nordmeyer, B. (n.d.). Why is Cash Budgeting important for the organization? Retrieved 2015, from azcentral: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/cash-budgeting-important-organization-24074.html NPV IRR. (2013). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/corporate-finance/npv-net-present-value-irr-internal-rate-of-return.asp Performance Based Budgetting. (2015, april 24). Retrieved june 2015, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-based_budgeting Return On Capital Employed. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting courses: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/return-on-capital-employed Return on equity ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from my accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/return-on-equity What is Budgeting? (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My money coach: https://www.mymoneycoach.ca/budgeting/what-is-a-budget-planning-forecasting

Prison Culture an Example by

Prison Culture by Expert Prof Nelly | 22 Dec 2016 It is commonly acknowledged that in prisons, inmates influence on one another deepens criminal behavior that is already present. Inmates begin to learn the criminal ideology of the correctional facility. Generally, they also develop new habits of dressing, sleeping, eating. They develop a new language and become dependent upon others for food, work assignments, and protection. Further on, inmates without allies can find their time difficult. In order to better ensure self-protection, then, it is only natural that an inpidual inmate turns toward a gang affiliation, even within a context of zero tolerance of gang formation by institutional policy. Need essay sample on "Prison Culture" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Even within the restricted confines of a prison, gangs may have as much influence as they would normally have on streets. All such close-knit interactions between inmates and group dynamics inside a prison create and reinforce a distinct prison subculture. There develops a general culture of the penitentiary, in terms of folkways, mores, customs, as well as language (Hensley 2002). Language is normally very closely associated with culture. In prisons, the fact that inmates have a language to relate to the experiences of their daily life inside, with gangs communicating in a lingo interlaced with special terminologies, reflects the extent of prevalence and influence of prison culture upon inmates. A prison culture helps create a sense of identity, encourages a set of expected behaviors, and promotes distinct goals in the actions of those people who are incarcerated (Huft, Kite 2003). The prison culture, in effect, becomes a synthetic culture bringing together people from various criminal backgrounds, levels of education, cultures and ethnicities to share a new set of values and attitudes that would better suit the conditions of the prison. Any culture in normal human society consists of distinctive characteristics in regard to values and norms, beliefs and attitudes of the people that constitute it; a culture also covers such perse areas as relationships, communication and language, sense of self and space, appearance and dress, work habits and practices, and food and eating habits of the people, in short it creates a special mould for the entire lifestyle of a people making up a community. Prison cultures, even within often their highly abnormal settings, mirror cultures of normal societies in terms their wide-ranging influence on the thoughts and behavior of people. However, when compared to cultural patterns in normal societies, the cultural norms within prison societies appear highly skewed and understandably so, given the overly oppressive, dangerous and debilitating environment of a typical large-scale prison. There is a marked tendency for prison cultures to value order and obedience, power over the weak or disenfranchised, and strict adherence to policies and procedures. Such authoritative and fascist regime is almost inevitable in view of criminal psychology that understands only the language of power and not that of fairness and equality. As a consequence, many prisons are characterized by a culture of fear. Further, minorities are often over-represented in prison, and such a situation can lead to an overt manifestation of racism and sexism from the side of prison staff as well as bullies in the dominant group of a prison. Often, drugs and alcohol would have affected a very high percent of inmates in their former lives, and prisons normally encourage this tendency by making way for widespread use of drugs. Physical and mental abuse in various senses of the word would also be a common and fairly accepted practice among offenders inside a prision. Prison is a place that is concerned with the issue of security over and above anything else, in order to see that offenders do not escape or commit more atrocities within the prison; as a result, prison culture reflects this high orientation towards security, with inmates being kept excessively powerless so that they are forced to rely on correctional officers for too many number of reasons. Many adult offenders would have served considerable time in juvenile correctional facilities and thus been acculturated to the social and material conditions of prison. However, many other offenders would experience culture shock and psychological disorientation upon entering a prison community. The prison would seem a strange environment demanding considerable degree of adaptation. The new inmates would have to quickly learn to adhere to sets of formal and informal policies dictating every act of theirs from those concerning eating and sleeping to dressing and speaking and work schedules. It must be remembered that the new inmates would have hard time in adjusting to lack of privacy and isolation from family and social support systems. These freshly convicted offenders would soon grasp the peculiar vocabulary and gestures that would make them better fit in their new environment. They would quickly identify the power hierarchy within the offenders and within the staff, as well as in between the inmates and the staff. The ruthlessness and lack of mercy inside a prison must be stressed in this context. Offenders with physical or mental problems or other evident weaknesses would be extremely vulnerable for victimization. However, the common misery they experience, in terms of deprivation of goods and services, love and sexual relationships, and inpidual autonomy helps in forming a particularly strong bond among the inmates and therefore often a surprising unity characterizes prison culture. Since the 1970s, the United States has experienced the greatest increase in the number of new prisons. And it only seems to be accelerating every day. Currently the U.S. has a prison inmate rate of 724 for every 100,000 people of general population up from 505 in 1992 (Walmsley 2005). This increase basically reflects the change of emphasis of penal policy from one of rehabilitation to one of containment and incapacitation. There are several other factors such as citizens' greater fear of crime and an increase in media coverage and attention as crime has become a burning issue in our society, increased length and severity of new sentencing laws and guidelines, and war on drugs, which have aggravated the overcrowding situation inside the prisons. Overcrowding is becoming a fundamental characteristic of our prisons, and is making rehabilitation and moral upliftment of prisoners increasingly difficult; and instead is leading to deterioration of norms and values of inmates as well as the general environment inside the prison. Efforts to carry out educative and therapeutic work with offenders are often severely hindered by a range of problems associated with overcrowding excessive burdens made on prison staff, lack of oversight and lack of purposeful activity, in addition to the widespread availability and use of narcotic drugs. As it is, generally low levels of formal education, socially disadvantaged backgrounds, and a deficit in vocational skills in general characterize the prison population. Added to these, the overcrowding factor is making it difficult for prisoners to reform themselves to higher standards of culture and morality. Unfortunately, lack of any provision for effective rehabilitation in the prisons of modern day is an important cause for creating the overcrowding conditions inside the prison, and this overcrowding is in turn making it very difficult to effect rehabilitation schemes. Thus the situation is developing into a vicious circle, which is only likely to worsen in the future. Far from being conducive to the moral reform of the prisoners, our prisons have in effect become an expensive way of making bad people worse (Wilson 2006). This is a statement not just on prison culture but the general culture, or still the lack of it, in our modern civilized society. References: Hensley, C. 2002. Prison Sex: Practice and Policy. Boulder, Colarado : Lynne RiennerPublishers, Inc. Hufft, A, Winter 2003.Retrieved 2 October 2006 Walmsley, R. 2005. World Prison Population List. Sixth edition. International Centre for Prison Studies. King's College, London. Retrieved 2 October 2006 fromhttp://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf. Wilson, D. 2006. Prisons and How to Get Rid of Them. Public Management and Policy Association. PMPA Review. May 2006. Vol 33. Retrieved 2 October 2006 from http://www.cipfa.org/pmpa/download/david_wilson_article_2006.pdf#search=%22penal%20policy%20incapacitation%22.

Wireless Communications Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee essays

Wireless Communications Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee essays There are a number of wireless technologies in use for low- to high- bit-rate transmissions in residential, light commercial, commercial, and industrial applications. These include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee. While many experts are predicting that one standard will outdo the other, this paper describes the benefits of these technologies and explains the unique position each has in the wireless spectrum. Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a high-frequency wireless local area network (TechTarget). The Wi-Fi technology is rapidly gaining acceptance in many companies as an alternative to a wired LAN and can also be installed for a home network. Wi-Fi is specified in the IEEE 802.11b specification and is part of a series of wireless specifications together with 802.11, 802.11a, and 802.11g. All four standards use the Ethernet protocol and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance for path sharing. Wi-Fi technology operates in the 2.4 GHz range offering data speeds up to 11 megabits per second. The modulation method selected for 802.11b is known as complementary code keying, which allows higher data speeds and is less susceptible to multipath-propagation interference than successors. Bluetooth is a specification that describes how devices such as mobile phones, computers, and personal digital assistants can be interconnected using a short-range wireless connection (TechTarget). Bluetooth requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be included in each device which transmits and receives in a band of 2.45 GHz that is available globally. In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can be point-to- point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1 megabits per second. A frequency hop scheme allows devices to communicate in areas wi...

Math Journaling in the Classroom and Out

Math Journaling in the Classroom and Out Journal writing can be a valuable technique to further develop and enhance your mathematical thinking and communication skills in mathematics. Journal entries in mathematics provide opportunities for individuals to self-assess what theyve learned. When one makes an entry into a math journal, it becomes a record of the experience received from the specific math exercise or problem-solving activity. The individual has to think about what he/she did in order to communicate it in writing; in so doing, one gains some valuable insight and feedback about the mathematical problem-solving process. The math no longer becomes a task whereby the individual simply follows the steps or rules of thumb. When a math journal entry is required as a follow up to the specific learning goal, one actually has to think about what was done and what was required to solve the specific math activity or problem. Math instructors also find that math journaling can be quite effective. When reading through the jour nal entries, a decision can be made to determine if further review is required. When an individual writes a math journal, they must reflect on what they have learned which becomes a great assessment technique for individuals and instructors. If math journals are something new, you will want to use the following strategies to assist the implementation of this valuable writing activity. Procedure A journal should be written at the end of a math exercise.Journal entries should be in a separate book, one used specifically for mathematical thinking.Math journals should contain specific details about the areas of difficulties and areas of success.The math journal entries should take no more than 5-7 minutes.Math journals can be done with children and adults. Younger children will draw pictures of the concrete math problem they have explored.Math journals should not be done daily, its more important to do math journals with new concepts in areas specifically related to growth in mathematical problem-solving.Be patient, math journaling takes time to learn. It is critical to understand that math journaling is an entry of the mathematical thinking processes. Theres no right or wrong way of thinking! Math Journal Prompts to Get You Started I knew I was right when......If I missed____________ I would have to__________________.The thing you have to remember with this kind of problem is........Tips I would give a friend to solve this problem are.........I wish I knew more about......How many times did you try to solve the problem? How did you finally solve it?Could you have found the answer by doing something different? What?What method did you use to solve this problem and why?Was this hard or easy? Why?Where else could you use this type of problem-solving?What would happen if you missed a step? Why?What other strategies could you use to solve this problem?Write 4 steps for somebody else that will be solving this problem.What would you like to do better next time?Were you frustrated with this problem? Why or why not?What decisions had to be made when solving this problem?What do you like about math? What dont you like about math?Is math your favorite subject? Why or why not? When one has to write about problem-solving strategies, it helps to clarify thinking. We will often discover solutions to problems when we write about the problem. Another strategy that helps to retain math concepts and support understanding is knowing how to take great notes in math.

Ch8 - reflectional journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch8 - reflectional journal - Essay Example These tools can highly transform teaching skills and education. The â€Å"high tech† tools offer various advantages that range from lesson planning, lesson presentation, record keeping, and classroom management. Therefore, a teacher can be able to accomplish many tasks within a short period than when using the traditional method. Additionally, the tools can help to show subject-related documents like science and can also enlarge or rather zoom-in images presented in these subjects. Technology also presents internet-based sites that provide helpful information that students can use in their researches (Bates & Poole, 2003). This makes teaching easy and less boring than when using the traditional methods. My personal view is that technology should be utilized in almost all teaching practices. The reading presents social media as a platform that can be used to form one’s own Professional Learning Community (PLC). In my view, I feel that social media acts as a communication and collaboration tool between me as a teacher and the students. Some of the social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and student blogs support this kind of interaction thus allowing effective learning environment. The social media can remain safe for student to use by ensuring personal and professional barriers are in place and also ensuring the language used is on task being learnt and is respectful (Bates & Poole, 2003). This way social media use will more effective and education level will

Data summry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data summry - Essay Example Also, the p value of the pairwise association between item (i) 4 and item (j) 67 equal 1.000; and so on for the other items. This is indicative of the insignificant relationship between those items or the relationship between them very small. In addition, it was likewise evident that item (i) 4 does not influence item(j) 67. Finally, when the Rasch model was implemented for the data coefficient items, the outcome posed significant results where z- value for some of them were more than 1.96. The discrimination of the Rasch model was therefore conclusive to be significant; meaning, the model has high ability to discriminate between items. When one tried to generate a two-parameter model for the data, the results were not at all conclusive and a massage was indicated, to wit: system is exactly singular. Therefore, there is a need to further test this model to generate a more conclusive result. In the last stage, using the two –parameter or three- parameter model, one found that the two parameter model is better because it satisfies the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and the Bayesian information criteria (BIC). As the results indicated, the two-parameter is less than three-parameter

Conditions for Equilibrium Essay Example for Free

Conditions for Equilibrium Essay When we say equilibrium, it is a state of balance. It is a condition where there is no change in the state of motion of a body. Equilibrium also may be at rest or moving within a constant velocity. A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if no part of it is accelerating, unless it is disturbed by an outside force. Two conditions for equilibrium are that the net force acting on the object is zero, and the net torque acting on the object is zero. Thus, the following objectives were emphasized in this experiment: to determine the equilibrant force using the force table and the omponent method, to determine the unknown forces using the first condition and second conditions for equilibrium, to locate the centre of gravity of a composite body, and to demonstrate rational equilibrium. 2. Theory Equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant but oppositely directed. The first condition of equilibrium is when a body at rest or moving with uniform velocity has zero acceleration. The center of Gravity is the point where the weight of a body is assumed concentrate. The second condition of equilibrium is satisfied when the sum f all torques acting on an object about any axis equals zero. In activity 1, TA or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 TB or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan B plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 Experimental Equilibrant is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it. Theoretical Equilibrant= % Error = Exp. Theoretical X 100 Theoretical In activity 2, the equation Tl T2 cos e = O was used. From the equation, was derived to get the value ofT2 where, Tl is the reading on he spring scale when the pin is exactly at the middle of the ring e is the angle of the string makes with the horizontal Experimental Weight = T2 sin e Theoretical Weight= In activity 3, to check the results, the actual computation of center of gravity was used. Where XC and YC are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the circle, XS and YS of the center of gravity of the composite fgure. In activity 4, the equation was used, where, Xl is the length of the cylinder used X2 is the length of the center of gravity of the cylinder. And X3 is the length of the cylinder minus the 5. 0 cm. . Methodology There are 4 different kinds of activity in the experiment to determine the conditions for equilibrium. The materials used were the following: Force table and accessories, force board, cylinder of unknown weight, spring scale, electronic gram balance, card board, aluminum bar, cylinder of unknown weight, and protractor. For activity 1, the group used a force table, its three pans and accessories. The three pans were weighed and labeled as A, B and C. Pan A was hung at 30 degree mark and a 100g was placed on it whereas on pan B a150 g was placed and was hung at 200 degree mark. The group balanced the two tensions in the strings by placing weight on the pan C or adjusting its position in the force table to obtain the magnitude and position of the equilibrant. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using the component method. The group then computed the % error using the values obtained by the component method as your accepted value for magnitude as well as direction. Figure 1: Set-up for activity 1 For activity 2, a cylinder of unknown weight was suspended on the force board by means of two strings. A spring scale was then attached to one of the strings. One member of the group pulled the string horizontally until the pin was exactly at the middle of the ring. The reading on the spring scale was recorded as Tl . Another member of the group measured the angle that the other string makes with the horizontal and solved for the tension T2 of the other spring and the weight of a cylinder. Percent error was computed after. For activity 3, the group used a circle of diameter 10cm and a square of side 10 cm from the card board. The circle and the square was weighed and recorded as wc and Ws. The group determined the center f gravity of the composite fgure by using the balancing method and composite method. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein the plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from any point and measured where it intersects on the composite fgure. Figure 2: Balancing Method Figure 3: Plumbing Method For activity 4, the group first located the center of gravity of the aluminum bar by balancing it on a pencil. The cylinder used in activity 2 was hung 5. 0 cm from one end of the bar. Using the force board, the aluminum bar was supported by means of spring scale on the end and a string on the other end until the bar assumes a horizontal position. The group used the second condition for equilibrium to determine the weight of the bar and the tension in the string. Percent error was also computed. . Results and Discussion Activity 1 Tensions Magnitude (N) Position(0) TAI. 3105 300 1. 7962 2000 Experimental Equilibrant 0. 6241 3600 Theoretical Equilibrant 0. 5545 3560 % Error Table 1: Results of Activity 1 Table 1 shows the magnitude and the positions of the equilibrants and the tensions acting on the pans. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using he component method. The % error was computed using the values o btained by the component method as the accepted value for magnitude and the direction. Some factors that contributed the 13% error in this activity were the accuracy of the force table and its accessories used. Activity 2 Tl (N) 63 N (0) 440 T2 (N) 8. 7 N Experimental Weight (N) 6 N Theoretical Weight (N) 6. 3 N % Error 13. 2% Free Body Diagram of ring Table 2: Results of Activity 2 Table 2 shows the different unknown forces acting on the cylinder using the first condition for equilibrium. Some factors that contributed the 13. % error in this activity were the accuracy of the spring scale used and the pulling of the string horizontally. Activity 3 Weight of Square= 8. 36 g Weight of Circle= 6. 94 g Method Center of Gravity X- coordinate Y coordinate Plumb line Method 10 5. 2 Balancing Method 9. 55 4. 5 Computation 9. 54 5 Table 3: Results of Activity 3 Table 3 shows the x and y coordinates of the center of gravity of the component fgure using plumb line method, balancing method and the actual computation. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein he plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from computation was written in the manual. Activity 4 Reading of Spring Scale (N) 5 N Weight of cylinder (N) 5. 3238 N Experimental Weight of bar(N) 0. 7418 N Theoretical Weight of bar(N) 0. 7977 N % Error 7% Free Body Diagram of bar Table 4: Results of Activity 4 Table 4 shows the different unknown forces acting on the bar using the second condition for equilibrium. One factor that contributed the 7% error was due to the person holding the string at one end to make the cylinder bar in horizontal position 5. Conclusion Different activities in this experiment were accomplished to understand more about the conditions for equilibrium. Based from the results obtained by the group in the different activities, the group was able to determine the equilibrant force by using the force table and the component method. The unknown forces using the first and second conditions for equilibrium were determined. Using the square and circle fgure, the center of gravity of a composite body was located. Rotational equilibrium was demonstrated because the sum of all of the torques equals zero 6. Application 1 . State the first condition for equilibrium. If a body is in equilibrium, are there no forces acting on it? Equilibrium means the sum of all forces in all directions is equal to zero. It doesnt mean that there are no forces acting on it. It Just means that the forces that are acting on it are equal and opposite. 2. The Russell Traction system is used for a fractured femur. Identify the forces acting on the femur. If the weight hang is 5. 0 kg, find the force needed to immobilize the femur. What will supply this force? 3. What happens to the center of gravity of a person under the following situations? A. ) His upper right extremity is amputated. B. He carries all his books using the right arm only. )When ones upper right extremity is amputated, the center of gravity of the person would lean towards the right part of the body since the gravitational force on the remaining arm will push the center of gravity towards the right. b) When a person carries his books using only his right arm, the pull of gravity on the book would push the center of gravity of the body towards the left. 4. Devise a way by which you could determine your center of gravity. If the object is irregular in shape, the center of mass is always located closer to the more massive nd. Use felt pens to outline your partners body on a piece of butcher paper. Determine your partners approximate center of gravity by carefully cutting out the human outline and balancing it on your finger. Mark the center of gravity on your partners body with a piece of tape. Get a six foot piece of butcher paper and tape it feet. Mark their approximate center. Another way is to lie horizontally across the arm of a couch. The point where you are balanced is your center of gravity. 5. In general, the womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens. Can you explain why? Womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens because women have a bigger pelvis area. The skeletal structure of women make it so that their pelvis is bigger, since they will need the extra support come the time that they become pregnant, and their bodies support a baby. This means that the lower body of women is generally heavier in comparison to their whole body, as opposed to the lower body of men. This would make the center of gravity of women slightly lower, because more of their body mass is concentrated at the lower portion of their body.

The Sound and the Fury Essay -- Sound Fury

The Sound and the Fury: Chronology of Despair Three little boys watch wearily and fearfully as their sister shimmies quickly up a tree to peer through the window of a dilapidated Southern farmhouse. Our attention focuses neither on her reaction to the festivities commencing in the house, nor on the danger suspended nervously in the dusky air as the tiny image worms up the tree trunk. Sensing the distress apparent in the boys’ words and actions, our eyes rivet to the same thing that fills their faces with apprehension—the dark and muddied stain of filth firmly planted on the bottom of the little girl’s underpants. This scene from William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury illustrates Faulkner’s incredible talent for storytelling that has enabled him to trap readers and critics in his spectrum of characters for decades. Weaving intense characters together with stories of despair and triumph, Faulkner produces a tapestry that blankets readers with his love/hate relationship with the South. However, in his novel The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner employs a vastly different method of creation. This story unfolds as a patchwork of chronological events told through the experiences, memories, and interpretations of three brothers infatuated and obsessed with the actions and absence of their sister, Caddy. Consisting of a multitude of colors laid out by Caddy’s actions and her brothers’ reactions, Faulkner’s true patchwork genius lies in the craftsmanship of his seam. Binding together multi-colored material created by similar experiences, Faulkner’s stitching tak es on a radically different, almost haphazard appearance. With each Compson brother producing a different type of stitching due to vastly different interpretations of their s... ...n Vase or Crucible of Race?" New Essays on The Sound and the Fury. Ed. Noel Polk. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 99-137. "Milkweed." Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. 1996 ed. Millgate, Michael. "The Sound and the Fury." Ed. David Minter. The Sound and the Fury. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. 297-310. Pouillon, Jean. "Time and Destiny in Faulkner." Ed. Robert Penn Warren. Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 79-93. Ross, Stephen M. "The ‘Loud World’ of Quentin Compson." Ed. Andre Bleikasten. William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury: A Critical Casebook. New York: Garland Pulishing, 1982. 101-114. Sartre, Jean-Paul. "On The Sound and the Fury: Time in the Work of Faulkner." Ed. Robert Penn Warren. Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 87-93.

Nursing code of ethics

Ethics refers to the adherence to practices and processes, which are morally acceptable.   Ethical issues are what shape public opinion about an organization. In addition, a code of ethics serves as the benchmark for decision-making. In nursing and healthcare, the issue of culture is more pronounced than anywhere else. In deed, it is in the understanding of the need for a more diversified an ready to serve call that led the University of phoenix to develop a code of conduct for students which guides the nursing students and indeed a the whole university community into understanding how best to deal with the issues of professional relations . The fact that nurses are required to serve many people from various ethnic, religious, racial and cultural backgrounds who come forth to hospitals and healthcare centres in search of health solutions means that, the conduct of nurses must be guided by a common concept which in this case is the code of ethics. Due to these cultural disparities, patients often fail to receive quality services because of practices that are lacking in cultural competence. As a result, the American Association of Nursing has in place a code of ethics which aims at offering guidelines for nurses in the course of service. A code of ethics for nurses and indeed for nursing students is aimed at making sure that, nurses offer service with competence and in an efficient manner in a cross-cultural setting thus enhancing the system’s or institution’s capacity to function in effective ways. The American nursing code of ethics emphasizes on integrity, honesty, care giving, and accountability. Under the provisions in the American code of ethics, nurses are required to strictly act in accordance with the guidelines so as to ensure a smooth running of health care provision in the United States of America. The code of ethics for both nurses and students at the University of Phoenix is aimed at ensuring that, in their professional growth, professional attain qualities which influences the individual’s values, perceptions, beliefs and opinions in corresponding to the professional standards expected of nursing professionals. The US is comprised of the most culturally diverse population.   A big percentage of the world’s ethnic, religious and cultural groups are represented in this population.   This has created a most unique opportunity as well as challenge to many professionals including nursing professionals.   Nurses are presented with patients with very diverse cultural backgrounds. Culture influences how different people will respond to the different ways of health service delivery, interventions and treatment, as a result, the code of ethics is designed to streamline the actions of the nurses in regard best practice. In deed the American nursing code of ethics is designed to guide the nursing professionals into the future. In more the same way as a business strategy, the code of conduct imparts discipline and control in the nursing profession thus making sure that, the profession is ready to face future challenges. Because of the demographic situation in America service providers are under pressure to provide more culturally correct services.   The nursing profession cannot be left behind and therefore the need to comply with the changing needs is overwhelming.   One ethnical principle that guides nurses in their endeavour to provide culturally appropriate care is the appreciating that everyone regardless of their cultural persuasion is entitled to receive quality health care. Cultural differences can influence the caregiver’s prejudices and bias towards a patient.   In a similar way a patient can misconstrue the caregiver’s actions and words.   This can serve to lower the quality of care given to this particular patient.   Professional ethics require that there be no form of discrimination in the provision of health care but in a situation where there is prejudice on either party, then the quality of care is compromised. Nurses are usually supposed to care for the general well being of a patient, they ought to be able to understand and empathize with the patient inorder to cater for their physical and emotional needs.   On an individual level, a nurse has a responsibility to learn the practices that are in accordance to cultural competence. In the year 2010 more than 45% of all patients in the US will come from minority cultures.   This is due to immigration that is the greatest contributor to the cultural diversity.   The health sector has realized the reality of these facts and medical practitioners are now given incentives to encourage them to take up learning on cultural diversity. The above reasons amongst others are worthy considering in regard to how nur4ses in this country are governed. To achieve the health goals, the American nursing association must constantly address the issues at hand and specifically consider reinforcing high values. This is what the American code of conduct seeks to achieve as well as the University of Phoenix Student Code of conduct and the American code of conduct. University Phoenix student code ethics. American nursing code of ethics. http://www.nursingworld.org/ethics/ecode.htm accessed on 07/05/2007   

Human Behavior Organization Essay

Human behavior is important in an organization as it defines how people work together and interact with one another. A co-operative team with an established leader will produce better results than a group of people that have no guidance and don’t know how to work with one another. Organizations spend time and effort in the human resources department ensuring human behavior in the workplace is appropriate and productive. †¢ Human behavior and the organization hierarchy Human behavior is of crucial importance in the establishment of a hierarchy. Hierarchies are necessary in every kind of organization, from schools to companies to charities. Some homes even have a hierarchy established. Hierarchies allow workers in an organization to pursue similar objectives by working together. Leaders are needed to guide organization members through day-to-day tasks. Human behavior dictates the strongest will be highest in a hierarchy, as it is for those people organization members have the greatest respect. For instance, in a company, it will be those with the most work experience and highest standard of qualifications who gain high hierarchy positions. †¢ Human behavior and co-operation Human behavior allows members of an organization to work together effectively. As people know the necessary way in which to interact with one another, they can communicate effectively and build good working relationships that allow organization objectives to be pursued with maximum effect. Sometimes it is necessary to influence and change human behavior in terms of cooperation. For instance, a few decades ago it was considered the norm for male colleagues to call female colleagues pet names such as ‘love’ and ‘hun’. Nowadays, this is thought to be unprofessional and even derogatory. Any organization member who treats their colleagues in a way that is deemed inappropriate can face disciplinary procedures if they do not alter their behavior.

Free Essays on Internet Censorship

Internet Censorship The debate over whether the government should censor the Internet is intense. In 1995 the senate passed the Communications Decency Act written by Senator Jim Exon. The act â€Å"outlaws ‘obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent’ communications on the Internet,† (Exon 130). Americans on both sides of the issue are asking some very pertinent, yet difficult to answer, questions. Does censorship of the Internet violate our First Amendment rights? Is regulation of the Internet even possible? Will censoring the Internet protect children from inappropriate material or will it hinder those searching for legitimate information? As a mother, I am concerned about my child having access to pornographic or otherwise inappropriate material on the Internet. However, my personal belief is that it is impossible to regulate the Internet without infringing on the liberties of the First Amendment. Simply put: one person’s definition of inappropriate or pornographic material may be totally different from another’s. It must be made clear that although I am neither totally for nor against censorship, I do not wish to have a limit set on what I can and cannot access determined by someone else’s values. Those who support censorship of Internet materials feel that applying obscenity laws to the internet will protect children from pornography without â€Å"significantly† infringing upon our First Amendment rights (Exon 125). Supporters of this view argue that we live with restrictions on our freedom of speech everyday, such as: libel laws and laws against false advertising. These people submit that the â€Å"anti-pornography laws that exist for U.S. mail, broadcast and telephone communications,† should also apply to computers (Exon 126). These people suggest the use of blocking software in libraries and support the required use of â€Å"a verified credit card, debit account, adult access code or personal identification number... Free Essays on Internet Censorship Free Essays on Internet Censorship Thesis: Government Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. Introduction I. In the Internet community, there is a large volume of technical terms. For this reason, it is first necessary to examine the terminology specific to Internet. 1.The internet is a world wide computer network. 1.Electronic mail (email), which is one component of the Internet, approximates person to person letters, memoranda, notes and even phone calls. 2.Another term that is often used is electronic news (enews/Usenet), enews is a broadcast, free to the Internet medium. 3.The term FTP is also frequently used. File transfer protocol (FTP) started as an Internet archival and retrieval medium, somewhat analogous to traditional libraries. 4.The world-wide web (WWW), which is another component of the Net, can be used to "publish" material that would traditionally appear in journals, magazines, posters, books, television and even on film. 2.It is also essential to give a brief history on the internet. 3.The U.S. government is now trying to pass bills to prevent misuse of the Net. II. In order to understand the need for the ever-growing body of legislation, it is important to explore the controversy, and the current problems involved with the Net as it exists must be introduced. 1.The problem that concerns most people is offensive materials such as pornography. 2.Another crucial internet crime is the stealing of credit card numbers. III. One reaction to this inapplicability has been the "Censor the Net" approach (the censorship bill), we are now to compare its advantages and disadvantages. 1.First, the meaning of "Censoring the Net" must be explained. 2.However, many experts have pointed out that government censorship is not possible. 1.First, it is not fair to exclude the freedom and damage the atmosphere of... Free Essays on Internet Censorship Freedom of Speech: Censorship of the Internet Many of use it daily. We find it useful, and it has become part of our everyday lives. â€Å"It† is the Internet. The Internet has dramatically changed our society. It brings together people and their ideas from all around the world in a short amount of time. It is expanding daily to allow new ideas and thought s to be transmitted quickly and easily with the single click of a button. One can find information on almost any subject there. Yet many people are trying to censor it. The Internet is accessed by millions of people around the world each day. If the Internet is to considered a global resource it must remain uncensored. Is Internet Censorship Needed? Internet censorship seems to be the target of many debates nowadays in the U.S. due to the rising popularity of the Internet and the large amounts of pornography, warez, illegal drugs, and general threats to society. It is a very hard subject to handle, after all no individual is in charge of the internet, and in fact no one really owns it except perhaps the â€Å"millions of people throughout the world who contribute to it in various ways† (Burton). The argument for censorship has been going on for at least 5 years now and no one sees an answer being had anytime soon. Getting rid of all the offensive content on the Internet would perhaps make it more productive but is it legal to stifle the rights of others like that? The government thought so at one point and tried to pass a law to help filter the Internet only to have it found unconstitutional soon after To understand why the Internet is subject to such a controversial debate, we must first learn what it is and what it contains. The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The Internet has been in universal use for many years. It... Free Essays on Internet Censorship Internet Censorship The debate over whether the government should censor the Internet is intense. In 1995 the senate passed the Communications Decency Act written by Senator Jim Exon. The act â€Å"outlaws ‘obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent’ communications on the Internet,† (Exon 130). Americans on both sides of the issue are asking some very pertinent, yet difficult to answer, questions. Does censorship of the Internet violate our First Amendment rights? Is regulation of the Internet even possible? Will censoring the Internet protect children from inappropriate material or will it hinder those searching for legitimate information? As a mother, I am concerned about my child having access to pornographic or otherwise inappropriate material on the Internet. However, my personal belief is that it is impossible to regulate the Internet without infringing on the liberties of the First Amendment. Simply put: one person’s definition of inappropriate or pornographic material may be totally different from another’s. It must be made clear that although I am neither totally for nor against censorship, I do not wish to have a limit set on what I can and cannot access determined by someone else’s values. Those who support censorship of Internet materials feel that applying obscenity laws to the internet will protect children from pornography without â€Å"significantly† infringing upon our First Amendment rights (Exon 125). Supporters of this view argue that we live with restrictions on our freedom of speech everyday, such as: libel laws and laws against false advertising. These people submit that the â€Å"anti-pornography laws that exist for U.S. mail, broadcast and telephone communications,† should also apply to computers (Exon 126). These people suggest the use of blocking software in libraries and support the required use of â€Å"a verified credit card, debit account, adult access code or personal identification number... Free Essays on Internet Censorship The Internet is a wonderful place of entertainment and education but like all places used by millions of people, it has some murky corners people would prefer children not to explore. In the physical world society as a whole conspires to protect children, but there are no social or physical constraints to Internet surfing. The Internet Censorship Bill of 1995, also known as the Exon/Coats Communications Decency Act, has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. It would make it a criminal offense to make available to children anything that is indecent, or to send anything indecent with "intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass" ("Stop the Communications ..." n.p.). The goal of this bill as written (though not as stated by its proponents) is to try to make all public discourse on the Internet suitable for young children. The issue of whether is it necessary to have censorship on the Internet is being argued all over the world. There are numerous homepages on the World Wide Web discussing this issue, or asking people to sign the petition to stop government censorship. The Internet was originally a place for people to freely express their ideas worldwide. It is also one of America's most valuable types of technology; scientists use email for quick and easy communication. They post their current scientific discoveries on the Usenet newsgroups so other scientists in the same field of study all over the world can know in minutes. Ordinary people use the Net for communication, expressing their opinions in the newsgroups, obtaining up-to-date information from the WWW, acquiring files by using FTP, etc. Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. In the Internet community, there is a large volume of technical terms. For this reason, it is first necessary to examine the terminology specific to Internet. The Internet is a world wide computer net...

4 questions to ask when negotiating a job offer

4 questions to ask when negotiating a job offer You have a job offer- awesome! Your work is done, right? After all, you’ve made it through the resume pile/interview/second interview gauntlet and emerged as the winner. Not so fast, champ†¦you still have some work to do. The job offer is just the start of the next phase: negotiating. This is your chance to get as much compensation as you can as you prepare to start this new phase of your career. Let’s review the most important questions to ask as you start to negotiate salary and/or benefits with your new employer.1. How are employees reviewed, and how is this tied to salary increases?This question lets you know what you can expect down the line and what you should negotiate up front. If the salary seems low up front and the company is unlikely to budge very much during this first phase, you can start making your plan- and your case- for an increase later on. If raises at this company are tied to good performance reviews, you can go in to the job on day one with t he goal of achieving an â€Å"excellent† (or whatever the metric is), and can talk with your manager to set specific goals so you’ll be in good shape when it comes time to talk about a pay bump.2. Besides the base pay, are any benefits negotiable?This gives you a sense of the playing field. If you can’t negotiate time off, insurance coverage, or other benefits, there’s no point in spending your time and energy on those points. It also lets you push a bit on the salary, if nothing else is up for discussion. Knowing what’s flexible and what’s not will help you target your negotiation.3. What is the fiscal year for this company?This question is a good one to ask because it’ll tell you when your next window for negotiation or a raise will be. If you’re starting at the beginning of a year and the company’s fiscal year starts in January, then you’ll have a straightforward year before an increase. But if you’re st arting in January and their fiscal year ends after the first quarter (April), you’ll be waiting significantly longer than a year for a potential salary increase. That gives you a bit of leverage to say, â€Å"Since it will be more than a year until I’m eligible for a salary review, I’m hoping we can start with a slightly higher initial salary.†4. Can you send me employee benefit costs?The company should be able to send you a one-pager or a packet outlining the basic benefits offered by the company (insurance, vacation time, etc.) and any related employee contributions/costs. Benefits aren’t usually highly negotiable, but you can use this cost information as part of your proposed salary.As you get started with the job offer negotiation process, the most important part is having as much information as possible at your disposal. That way, you can make realistic requests and have a good idea of how far you can push with your negotiation- or when you sh ould retreat and live to negotiate another day.

Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law - Essay Example The consideration of mens rea is important because it separates those crimes that were committed willfully, and those acts that were accidental. The willful element shows that the person desired the outcome and should be responsible, or the outcome so desired. The lack of the willful element may mean that the outcome was desired and was not even planned for. It is only fair not to punish someone for an act they did by mistake, and they did not even desire the outcome. However, at times, the law has to go a step further and see whether the outcome was foreseeable, or if the person performing the act was so negligent in acting that he could not even consider the occurrence of the act. If a person pulls a trigger of a loaded gun to check whether the gun is working, he will be responsible for the murder or injury that is occasioned if the bullet hits somebody. It is only fair that people be held criminally liable for criminal acts that occur due to negligence on their part even if they did not have the requisite mens rea. From the above analysis, it is noted that there is no clear answer on whether a person is criminally liable or not considering the lack of mens rea. Each case is to be in light of the prevailing circumstances (Herring, 2013). Legislative immunity is immunity that is accorded to legislators in parliament in the process of passing laws. Legislative immunity applies to actions that the legislators may do, or words said in the process of formulating legislation. Legislative immunity is important because it accords the legislators protection from being sued for libel arising out of words spoken in Parliament. However, it is to be noted that this immunity is not absolute and can be removed by the courts on application by an interested party. The parliament can also remove the immunity through amending the law, although this will not act retrogressively. Legislative immunity is meant to ensure freedom of speech during

Wheelchair regulation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wheelchair regulation - Coursework Example The manual wheelchairs rely on the attendant so that the can move and they do not use electricity. The other two classes are powered by electricity. Class two of invalid carriages consist of mobility scooters and powered wheelchairs that are designed to be used on pavements with a maximum speed limit of 6 km/h (8 mph). Class three powered wheelchairs and mobility scooters of invalid have a maximum speed limit of (12 km/h) and their purpose is for the use of road only. It is important to note that they are also equipped with a facility designed to travel on pavement or footpath at a speed of 6 km/h (4 mph). The law  states that theClass three vehicles may only be used by a disabled person who is aged 14 years and above. The other two classes, Class one and Class 2, however, may be used by a non-disabled person who is demonstrating the vehicle for sale or a disabled person. Clause 37 states that when the vehicle users is have a duty to adhere to the direction or rules of other vehicl es when they are on operation on the road. It also adds that the vehicle users on the pavements should follow the guidance and rule of the pedestrians. The second section concentrates of the usage of mobility scooters and powered wheelchairs on the pavements (38 to 40). Clause 38 explains how vehicle users should treat the other pavement users and pedestrians and especially those that have a visual or hearing impairment. It insists on the use of pavements rather than roads for safety purposes of the vehicle users. In a nut-sell, the rule aims at protecting both the users and non-users of the vehicles. Clause 39 points out the need for users of powered vehicles and scooters to use speeds not exceeding four mph (6 km/h) on footpaths and pedestrian areas. It also highlights that the user may be required to adjust to the other pavement users in case the path is not wide enough or if the pavement

SWOT analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOT analysis - Case Study Example There are numerous opportunities in existence for the hotel and the new owners. New trends in the hospitality industry are emerging. While these are becoming popular the old ones do not get obsolete. The opportunity for the hotel here is to integrate new ideas into the original one of boutique hotel. The owners of the hotel should make maximum use of these available opportunities when it starts operating to capture the market before new entrants take over. Threats to this takeover come from several places around the business. With the hotel having been previously operational, the new owners need to be aware of existing competition rivalry already in existence. This rivalry comes from the hotels which have been competing with the Good for business within the city. The other threat comes from within the company. The brand reputation which the hotel has created over the years comes as a threat if the company decides to discontinue the concept of the hotel. This posses a great threat as all existing clients may leave if the concept of the hotel changes

A Study Of Indian Space Technology Environmental Sciences Essay

A Study Of Indian Space Technology Environmental Sciences Essay India has an impressive array of achievements in the development of space technology for various applications. From a humble beginning with a small RH 75 rocket in the sixties to the successful launch of PSLV-D2 with 804 kg IRS-P2 in October, 1994, the Indian space programme has made remarkable progress through a well integrated, self-reliant programme. Eight Indian satellites are now in various stages of operation in the space. These are INSAT-1D, INSAT-2A, INSAT-2B, INSAT-2C, SROSS-C2, IRS-1B, IRS-P2 and IRS-1C. IRS-P3 when launched during 1996 will be the ninth satellite in the series. 1995 was an eventful year for the Department of Space. INSAT-2C was successfully launched on December 7, 1995. It has got Ku-band and more powerful transponders to provide mobile satellite services and business communication. The launch of IRS-1C from Russia on December 28 was also successful. It has many advanced features providing better spatial resolution, additional special bands, stereoscopic imaging, wide field coverage and more frequent revisit capabilities. Indias position in world space programmes has gone up after the establishment of United Nations Asia Pacific Regional Centre for Space Education in India. The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was formed by the Department of Atomic Energy in 1962 . The same year the work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was started. While the year 1965 saw the establishment of Space Science And Technology Centre, Thumba, the Satellite Telecommunication Centre was set up at Ahmedabad in 1967 . The first sounding rocket was launched from TERLS on November 21, 1963. The TERLS was dedicated to the United Nations on February 2, 1968 . The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was formed under Department Of Atomic Energy on August 15, 1969. The Government of India set up the Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) in 1972. In the seventies Indian Space Programme was formally organised in a self-reliant manner. Now the scope of space programme ranges from development of Space Launch Systems, sophisticated satellites, their operation in the orbit, to the conducting of extensive application-oriented research and execution of different missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plays a key role in the planning and execution of National Space activities. MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS The Indian space programme, having the objective of providing space-based services to the nation in a self-reliant manner, crossed an important milestone when the 283 tonne, 44 metre tall, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-D2), launched on October 15, 1994, successfully accomplished its mission by placing the 804 kg Indian remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, in the intended polar sun-synchronous orbit. India has, thus, joined the exclusive group of just six nations in the world to achieve this multi-disciplinary, technologically complex feat. Even as PSLV-D2 unequivocally demonstrated Indias capability to launch indigenously built remote sensing satellites from within the country, the mission has also proved, in flight, a number of systems which will be employed in the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), thus, bringing the country closer to achieve the capability for launching INSAT class of communication satellites as well. During 1995 the INSAT-2C and IRS-1C have been launched successfully and commissioned in orbit . The next development flight of the vehicle PSLV-D3 is scheduled in 1996. The fourth developmental flight of the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV-D4) successfully achieved its mission on May 4, 1994 by placing the 113 kg SROSS-C2 scientific satellite in a near-earth orbit. With this success, all the objectives of ASLV project, including proving, in flight, a number of complex vehicle systems employed for PSLV and GSLV, have been fully realised. Considerable progress has also been made in the development of GSLV with a number of advanced technologies having been qualified and fabrication of most of the vehicle hardware initiated. The successful development and qualification of the silicon phenolic throat for the GSLV liquid propellant engine is another significant achievement. The L-40 liquid propulsion stage of GSLV is now getting ready for qualification . SCOPE OF SPACE PROGRAMMES Space programme continues to support space science research in the country. The National Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Radar Facility (NMRF) near Tirupati, has been fully operationalised with the commissioning of the remaining part of the antenna array and associated transmitters for measurements in the Mesospheric region. It is a versatile facility for the atmospheric scientists. Sounding rockets and balloon flights continue to be undertaken for several space science experiments. The detection of a few Gamma-ray bursts by SROSS-C satellite has given further fillip to such experiments. Space Science research encompasses a wide spectrum of activities including study of cosmic rays, astronomical investigation using space and ground-based systems, study of meteorites and lunar samples and physical observations of sun. Another major branch of activity relates to the study of earths atmospheric system through rockets, balloons and orbiting space systems. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS The remote sensing applications using IRS have proliferated into almost every facet of national development. The data is now used regularly for agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation, drought monitoring and assessment, flood mapping, land use and land cover mapping, wasteland management, water resources management, ocean/marine resources survey and management, mineral prospecting, forest resources survey and management, etc. We have surpassed many developed nations in putting into use the satellite based remote sensing data. For example, IRS data is used for pre-harvest acreage and production estimation of all major Indian crops like wheat, rice and sorghum. Estimates of production of cotton, oil seeds, mulberry, etc. are also made using satellite data. The data from IRS satellites is used for soil mapping, grassland mapping, forest survey, land use/land cover mapping, locating underground water resources, estimation of snow cover and snow melt/run-off, monitoring water level in reservoirs, environment monitoring, etc. The data has been extensively used for flood mapping and identifying flood-risk zones and for forecasting drought conditions. Satellite remote sensing is now used for identifying potential fish zones helping the fishermen in the coastal areas to increase the catch. Twenty two states have established remote sensing applications centres, which are carrying out several application projects of relevance to their regions, besides participating in national level projects. The Department of Space is helping state remote sensing centres through review of progress , conducting regional workshops, providing funds on case- by- case basis and providing research and development support. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite The launch of the first operational Indian Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1A on March 17, 1988, on board a Soviet Vostok rocket, ushered in a new era in the countrys resources survey and management system. The second satellite in the series, IRS-1B, identical to IRS-1A, was launched on August 29, 1991. IRS-1A and IRS-1B have become the mainstay of the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) for effectively managing the countrys natural resources. IRS-P2, launched by Indias PSLV on October 15,1994 has joined IRS-1A and IRS-1B in enhancing the remote sensing services. IRS-1C has also been successfully launched on December 28, 1995 on board a Molniya rocket of Russia. Satellite images have been used to study the earthquake in Maharashtra during September 1993, Satellite data shows three major lineaments intersecting just south of the Latur-Killari village and this trijunction of lineaments appear to coincide with the epicentre of the earthquake. Based on the nature and extent of damage to various structures as observed in the field and the information provided by the District Collectors, the isoseismal intensity contours have been drawn. Application of IRS Satellites In Agriculture What do the Satellite people know about agriculture? Officials in Agriculture Departments used to ask. Recently the Karnataka State Remote Sensing Technology Utilisation Centre (KSRSTUC) has given a befitting reply. It has wrapped up a satellite data-based study of Kolar Districts Gudibanda Taluka and prepared an action plan to turn the rocky, rain-starved and drought-prone environs into an agricultural oasis. It is a tiny example of the unique Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) which has been launched in 157 districts of our country. Now farmers of India have growing interest in harvesting the miracles of the IRS series of Remote Sensing Satellites. IMSD aims at generating locale-specific prescriptions for development at micro-level using integrated analysis of the thematic maps generated using data from IRS Satellite, meteorological data and socio-economic information. Several States like Karnataka have set up their own Remote Sensing Application Centres. Efforts are being made to introduce courses on remote sensing in school and university curricula. INSAT Revolutionises Telecommunication And Media Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) besides revolutionising the telecommunication and TV broadcast scenario in our country, has improved the weather forecasting and is providing advance warning on disasters. About 150 telecommunication terminals are today operating under the INSAT network providing more than 4,000 two-way telephone channels along about 170 routes. Telegraphy services have been provided in the north-eastern region covering most of the inaccessible rural areas. The National Informatics Centre has set up over 600 micro-terminals. Many business houses now use the INSAT system for their corporate communication. The two indigenously built multipurpose satellites, INSAT-2A launched in July 1992 and INSAT-2B launched in July 1993, as well as, INSAT-1D, the last of the INSAT-1 series of satellites launched in 1990, continue to perform well in orbit providing vital services for telecommunications, television broadcasting, meteorology, disaster warning and distress detection. The successful launch of INSAT 2C on December 7, 1995 from Kourou, French Guyana and its commissioning in the orbit has added to INSAT series. It will provide mobile satellite services and business communication through newly introduced Ku-band transponders. More powerful C-band transponders for television programme will reach beyond the Indian boundaries. The work on the follow-on satellites in this series 2D and 2E has progressed further and are slated for launch in 1996-97 and 1997-98 respectively. These satellites will have additional spectral channel and improved coverage for meteorological payload. INSAT has brought about a rapid expansion of the TV network in our country covering over 65 per cent of the land mass and over 80 per cent of our population. National TV network, regional services and metro channels have already become operational. The INSAT network is extensively being used for educational purposes such as countrywide classrooms conducted by the University Grants Commission for two hours every day primarily meant for the university and college students, educational television programmes broadcast in the local languages for the benefit of the rural population and curriculum-based lectures broadcast by the Indira Gandhi National Open University. It is also used in continuing education for industrial workers, training of bank employees, training of block and village level extension agricultural workers and farmers, etc. INSAT is helping us in improving weather forecasts by providing high resolution radio-metric imageries. More than a hundred unattended meteorological data collection platforms relay weather information through INSAT to a central meteorological data processing centre. INSAT is also providing disaster warning receivers installed along the cyclone-prone east coast of the country. These disaster warning systems have enabled evacuation of thousands of people well in advance of impending cyclones. OTHER SATELLITES Aryabhatta Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975, by the erstwhile USSR Intercosmos rocket into a near -earth orbit. Bhaskara Bhaskara-III , launched on June 7, 1979 and November 20, 1981, respectively, by the Intercosmos rockets of the erstwhile USSR, were experimental earth observation satellites. APPLE APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment), an experimental communication satellite, was launched on June 19, 1981 by the Ariane launch vehicle of the European Space Agency (ESA). Rohini Series Two Stretched Rohini Series satellites, SROSS C and SROSS-C2, were launched successfully by Indias Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) on its third and fourth developmental missions (ASLV-D3 and ASLV-D4) on May 20, 1992, and May 4, 1994, respectively. Both the satellites carried identical scientific payloads, namely, Retarding Potential Analyser and Gamma Ray Burst experiment. SITE Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), hailed as one of the largest experiments of its kind, was conducted during 1975-76 using USAs Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6). It demonstrated the potential of satellite technology as an effective mass communication media. STEP Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project (STEP), conducted during 1977-79 using the Franco-German satellite. Symphonie, provided experience in the operation of a geo-stationary satellite system for domestic telecommunication and in designing and building ground infrastructure. LAUNCH VEHICLES SLV Indias capability in the launch vehicle technology was first demonstrated through the successful launch of SLV-3 in July 1980, which placed a 40 kg Rohini satellite into a near-earth orbit. Two more launches of SLV-3 were conducted in May 1981 and April 1983 with the Rohini satellites. ASLV The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was successfully launched twice from Sriharikota Range (SHAR) on May 20, 1992 and May 4, 1994, respectively. These were the third and fourth developmental launches (ASLV-D3 and ASLV-D4). They injected the SROSS-C and SROSS-C2 (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series) satellite, respectively into a near-earth orbit. PSLV D 2- A Total Success The 280 tonne, 44 m tall, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV, is capable of putting 1,000 kg class remote sensing satellite into 900 km polar sun-synchronous orbit. The first developmental flight of PSLV took place on September 20, 1993. Though it could not place the IRS-1E satellite, on board, into the intended polar orbit, the flight proved, in flight, almost all the vehicle systems, including the propulsion systems. The second launch of PSLV-D2 on October 15,1994 was a total success. Cryogenic Project The Government has approved the indigenous Cryogenic Upper State Project during April, 1994 following the renegotiation of the Cryogenic technology contract with Russia. GSLV With the operationalisation of GSLV towards the end of the century, ISRO will achieve self-reliance in launch vehicle technology for launching all its scientific remote sensing and geo-stationary satellites. PSLVD-3 PSLV D-3 will be launched during 1996. After this 3 PSLV continuation flights have been planned at the rate of one flight a year. SPACE PROGRAMME ENTERS WORLD MARKET There has been a significant progress in the commercial exploitation of the space capabilities developed by the country. The Antrix Corporation Ltd. established in September 1992, has shown promising results by securing orders for the study of satellite communication system for INMARSAT, providing training to ARABSAT and Korean engineers and for the supply of space hardware for Brazilian space agency. Space based remote sensing technology has drawn the attention of world market. US company EOSAT Co. has entered into a commercial contact with Antrix Corporation of the Space Department to receive and market data from IRS Satellites. Several other contracts have been bagged for supply of space hardware and services. Cooperative agreements have been signed with the Ukrainian National Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency. A high-level United Nations experts team has selected India for the setting up of a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education which will cater to the needs of the region.