tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27232296785535814782024-03-08T12:08:53.201-08:00How to write a persuasive essaylaysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.comBlogger199125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-80442631996244744512020-08-26T05:22:00.001-07:002020-08-26T05:22:05.726-07:00Art Of Portraiture Essay Example For StudentsSpecialty Of Portraiture Essay The three works that I picked that are specialty of likeness are Head of a King, Mask of a Lyoba, and Mother Goddess. The initial two pictures are West African Art from two distinct clans, Ife, who made the Head of a King and Benin, whom made the Mask of a Lyoba. The Mother Goddess is an Aztec piece. These gatherings of individuals are from various societies, timespans, and share diverse strict convictions. The closeness of the gatherings is the emblematic importance the representations brought to its kin. The primary work is the Head of a King. This Ife creation changed the recognition that researchers had of the clan. It was realized that the Ife clans didn't do representations in view of the spirits that could hurt the subjects. The models that were found all appeared to take after rulers, so the end was that the establishment of majesty and the need to worship regal precursors were sufficiently able to conquer concerns. Additionally the figures were naturalistic. The extents of the couple of knownful figures are typically African.. The heads may have been taken from life models, however appear to be progressively similar to glorified pictures. A model is of the extents of the leader of the figure. These extents most likely mirror a faith in the heads significance as the home of the soul, and the focal point of the individual personality. Life is the sacrosanct city of the Yoruba individuals, were naturalistic figure started. The Benin clan emerged after the Ife, and was incredibly affected by their specialty. Their pictures were additionally naturalistic, however as they developed increasingly educated in workmanship, they drew away from the naturalistic works of the Ife individuals into adapted works of their own. The Mask of a Lyoba is a delightful fancy cover of eminence. This works shows that the individuals no longer utilize the naturalistic methodology, however an intense, progressively glorified, portrayal of its kin. The specialty of Benin is an imperial craftsmanship, just the oba could commission the works. This work was appointed in ivory, yet a large portion of the works were authorized in metal. The Benin change from naturalistic to adapt is better clarified in the metal heads. It ranges from little, meagerly cast, and naturalistic to huge, thickly cast, and exceptionally adapted. The finish of researchers is that in their Early Period, their heads were little and naturalistic from the Ife impact. Heads at that point became progressively adapted during the Middle Period. At that point in the Late Period, the heads were exceptionally enormous and substantial, with rakish adapted highlights and an expand beaded crown. In Mexico there was likewise likenesses. Explicitly in the Aztec Empire were the Mother Goddess was made. This was a solid and ground-breaking realm that was partitioned in classes. The religion depended on an intricate pantheon that consolidated the Aztec divinities with progressively old ones that had for quite some time been adored in Central Mexico. As indicated by the Aztec conviction, the divine beings made the current universe at the old city of Teothhuacan. Which is like the Ife conviction that Gods descended and made the individuals. The way of life and reason for the individuals is then to love and respect their divine beings until the end of time. This was finished by penance and in their craft. We know about the religion and the convictions of the Aztec individuals on account of their craft. The divine beings were spoken to in sculptures and artistic creations that were accounts to encourage their kin and demonstrate regard to the divine beings. The Mother Goddess was a wide carried figure with ripped at hands and feet has a skirt of curved snakes. A couple of snakes, images of spouting blood, ascend from her neck to frame her head. Their eyes are her eyes; their teeth, her tusks. The squirming snakes of her skirt additionally structure her body. Around her stump of a neck balances a neckband of conciliatory contributions hands, heart, and a dangling skull. .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .postImageUrl , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:visited , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:active { border:0!important; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:active , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1bef6b59 7f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Al GORE for President EssayDespite the surface multifaceted nature, the figures basic, striking, and blocky structures make a solitary visual entirety. This sensational effect was additionally elevated by the shading. This representation is emblematic. Dissimilar to the past two works it isn't of the rulers or the individuals at that point, it is of a divine being. In any case, much like the initial two works it is additionally glorified. This is the thing that their mom god that guides them should resemble. The Ife individuals made works that were profound and uncovering their gatherings character. The Benin individuals, when understanding workmanship made adapted works that additionally communicated their character, definitely more than anything naturalistic. Every one of the three works speaks to the individuals and what is essential to them. For the Aztec individuals it was their divine beings, and speaking to them in a sensational and ground-breaking approach to show their kin. While the Ife individuals accepted that the divine beings made them in resemblance to themselves, so the representations were additionally of their kin in the perfect structure that the divine beings needed. The Benin culture were intrigued by workmanship, and needed to demonstrate regard to their rulers by their portrayal of them. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-24861557463498275092020-08-22T07:05:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:05:33.897-07:00Dangerous Effects of Alcohol and CannabisSHRED case investigation Paper Hal was named to lead a bookkeeper group on November 15 His Job was to report the review progress There are commonly 4 situations in a review group: Partner-in-control: in general the most dependable one Manager: oversees the entire examining process In-control senior: does the evaluating plan Staff individuals: perform errands Frank is the accomplice in-control Although new, Hal gets one of the four seniors, yet after Richard signs, Hal becomes in-control senior, Audit report should be finished by January 15 There were numerous explanations that couldnt be given to Hal. Hal and Linda both experience unordinary things. Stage 3: Write the difficult explanation. A. First rundown the manifestations of the general issue that is causing the side effects. The other senior inspectors act in their own specific manner as opposed to together. Honest has poor hard working attitudes. Franks hard working attitudes influences the entire examining process The cutoff time is close. B. At that point name the shopping center hidden Issue?the center issue Due to Franks poor work trustworthiness, it influences Halls occupation and position as the in-control Enron. C. Compose the difficult articulation. Express the most critical issue in 3 to 5 sentences. Hal, the reviewing In-control senior of Reheard Company, was alloted to review the ABA Group Ltd. Because of Franks, the accomplice in-control, poor hard working attitudes, Halls position as the in-control senior and the entire task gets risked. Hal must move toward Frank inside the following day to fix things and to converse with him about the groups discoveries, in any case, Halls positions, the firm, and ABA will confront terrible results. Stage 4: State a target for the chief Involved. Momentary target (s): 1. To fix things with Frank 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on SHRED case investigation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on SHRED case examination explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on SHRED case examination explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer To introduce the groups discoveries and to ensure the examining group is in the same spot. Long haul objective (s): 10 present a distressing rep 2. To cooperate as a group. Rotor Step 5: Identify and rank request basic issues (fundamental issues) identified with the issue. Were concentrating on one hidden issue much of the time, however there can be mutiple. 1. Because of Franks poor hard working attitudes, it influences Halls Job and position as the in-control senior. 2. The group isn't cooperating, nor are they on the same wavelength. 3. A review report for the ABA is expected on January 15. Stage 6: Consider significant data (realities) and fundamental suspicions identified with the issue. The other senior inspectors act in their own specific manner as opposed to together. Straight to the point has poor hard working attitudes. Stage 7: List potential answers for the issue. 1 . ) Hal can proceed report his discoveries Advantages It will manage the circumstance with Frank The best thing would be done/hard working attitudes and respectability. Burdens It makes him a little snitch story for uncovering Frank It will make the reviewing bunch look awful, as though they can not cooperate. Potential Outcomes Best: The gathering changes and works with trustworthiness. In all likelihood: The Frank circumstance will be managed. Most unrealistic: The gathering will look terrible. 2. ) Hal can oblige his groups report There will be a report to present to ABA Even however the Frank circumstance wont be brought to consideration, it will make the gathering look as though they cooperated, expertly. Detriments It isn't the proper activity Frank will keep on acting like this Best: ABA will never get some answers concerning the issues with respect to Frank Most Likely: They will have something to present to ABA Most improbable: ABA get some answers concerning all the issues occurring inside the reviewing bunch step B: select ten Test arrangement. I think the best answer for Hal is to report his own discoveries. With work, trustworthiness and having great hard working attitudes is completely significant. It is significant for the own individual and obviously the organization. Straight to the point may imagines that he is profiting by it, yet it truly is going to influences him. In addition to the fact that it affects him, however it additionally influences his associates, the ABA, and Reheard Company. Stage 9: Decide how to actualize the arrangement. Hal should converse with Frank actually first. In the event that that doesn't work I think Hal ought to carry the thoughtfulness regarding possibly the manager of Reheard Company. It may make Hal appear to be a snitch story, yet toward the day's end it is extremely about making the best choice. Stage 10: Explain how to convey the arrangement. Hal should converse with Frank first and attempt to work through the issue. They ought to talk about his discoveries and afterward attempt to understand it at that moment. Ideally Frank will change and see what the better decision and course is for him, the organization, and his associates. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-74488894596211740472020-08-14T19:54:00.001-07:002020-08-14T19:54:03.362-07:00HER BODY AND OTHER PARTIES Defies Genre to Create Original, Unforgettable StoriesHER BODY AND OTHER PARTIES Defies Genre to Create Original, Unforgettable Stories Grace Lapointe is a writer from MA who has cerebral palsy and often writes on disability themes. Her fiction has recently appeared in Kaleidoscope, Deaf Poets Society, and Mobius: The Journal of Social Change. Her essays have appeared in Wordgathering, as part of Grub Streets Why I Write series, and in The Body is not an Apology, with one forthcoming on Monsterings blog. You can find her on her website, Facebook, or Twitter. In the bowdlerized, Disney versions of fairy tales that are so prevalent in our culture, the warnings from the original tales are almost absent. Reductive morals (such as âDonât judge by appearancesâ) have replaced the visceral sense of fear and the moral ambiguity of the original stories. This leads some adult readers to dismiss fairy tales, fables, and ghost stories as exclusively for children. Similarly, our culture tends to categorize certain forms of entertainmentâ"such as genre fiction, comedy, and crime procedural TV showsâ"as lowbrow, with realistic literary fiction as highbrow. Carmen Maria Machadoâs story collection Her Body and Other Parties combines elements of science fiction, fantasy, magic realism, erotica, and folk tales to create stories that are riveting and remarkably inventive. I immediately recognized the basic plot of the opening story, âThe Husband Stitch.â A woman always wears a green ribbon around her neck. She refuses to let her husband remove itâ"until itâs finally removed, and her head falls off! In elementary school in the â90s, Iâd read a childrenâs version of this story in Alvin Schwartzâs collection In a Dark, Dark Room. (I remember my cousin reading Schwartzâs Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark to me on a sleepover.) Yet Machado turns this classic, creepy storyâ"which predates both her and Schwartzâs renditionsâ"into a sexually explicit exploration of bodily autonomy, including sexual agency and consent. The most obvious questions that I had as a child remain unanswered: was the woman a zombie and/or decapitated for most of her âlifeâ? Were there any others like her? Rather than seeming derivative, the familiar elements in Machadoâs stories make them shocking, immediate, and even universal. âThe Husband Stitchâ also reminded me of The Bloody Chamber, Angela Carterâs 1979 feminist retelling of classic fairy tales. As a reader and writer, it doesnât matter to me whether Machado has read either of these books or considers them influences. What matters to me is that Machado, like Carter, is following in a literary tradition of feminist re-imaginings. Carterâs heroines have more agency than in the originals: they save themselves instead of waiting for men to save them. She brings the latent sexuality in stories like âLittle Red Riding Hoodâ to the foreground. The titular story is a retelling of the Grimmsâ âBluebeard,â where a woman discovers that her husband has murdered several previous wives. The title âThe Bloody Chamber,â which literally refers to the chamber where the bodies are hidden, can also be interpreted as symbol izing a vagina, in the tradition of Sigmund Freud or Julia Kristeva. In contrast to a 1970s school of feminism, which focused exclusively on cisgender, heterosexual women and sometimes defined them by their genitals, Her Body and Other Parties contains several lesbian and bisexual protagonists. The title of one story, âReal Women Have Bodies,â is a sly pun on the outdated 2000s saying âReal women have curves.â It avoids essentializing women and their bodies in any way and updates first-wave feminist tropes for third-wave, LGBT-inclusive feminism. In this story, when womenâs bodies gradually fade away, a male newscaster quips, âI donât trust anything that can be incorporeal and isnât deadâ (146). Itâs darkly funny, but anyone whoâs heard the misogynist joke âI donât trust anything that can bleed for five days without dyingâ will feel a shock of recognition. I doubt that Iâve ever watched an entire episode of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, but even I recognized the tagline referenced in the title of Machadoâs âEspecially Heinous.â It starts with simple, TV Guideâ"like synopses for hypothetical episodes, but diverges into a stunningly original story filled with humor, doppelgängers, ghosts, and unique characters. It even incorporates the distinctive theme music of the show, âdum-dum,â as a kind of recurring âTelltale Heartâ motif (87). This story takes risks, defies categorization, and blends parody, horror, and pathos. Her Body and Other Parties synthesizes many possible influences to blend genres, causing me to wonder why theyâre usually kept separate. The protagonist of âThe Resident,â a writer on an artistsâ retreat, describes the feeling of âdefamiliarization; of zooming in so close to something, and observing it so slowly, that it begins to warp, and change, and acquire new meaningâ (198). Her Body and Other Parties forces readers to re-examine their assumptions and well-known stories in a similar way. Near the end of âThe Husband Stitch,â the narrator apologizes to the reader: âIâm sorry. Iâve forgotten the rest of the storyâ (29). Instead of merely going on a pointless tangent, she seems like she needs to tell us something urgently but has forgotten it. Machado reminds us that horror is often indescribable, and that the moods and morals of stories often haunt us, even if we forget all the details. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-1557544189150932552020-05-24T01:48:00.001-07:002020-05-24T01:48:05.225-07:00The Cost Of Attending College Essay - 1356 Words The cost of attending college has risen drastically over the years. Statistics show that there has been a 260% increase in tuition costs since 1980. The increase in tuition cost equates to an increase in money borrowed to fund higher education. An increase in money borrowed results in an increase in debt accumulated over time. As a result of the rising figures, the economy as a whole has also suffered because of the restricted financial space many graduates find themselves in upon completion of their degree. In this paper, we will discuss college costs, reasons why they have risen, and the best way for students to pay for it. College costs and their recent increases cannot be discussed entirely without first examining the importance of the topic. It is common for people without student loan debt to overlook the topic due to their perceived lack of relativity it is has to their life. This thought process is harmful because much of our society does not quite understand the ways in which student loan debt affects our nationââ¬â¢s economy. Student loan debt directly effects how soon many people begin to make lifeââ¬â¢s larger purchases, which in turn slows down the flow of the economy. Many Americans are also more inclined to base their career selection on how well they will be able to repay their student loans. With this in mind lower paying jobs, like those in social work, are suffering from a shortage of employees while jobs with higher pay, such as technical work, have seen a majorShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of Attending A College2262 Words à |à 10 PagesThe cost of attending a college, university, or any other higher education institution in the United States is becoming increasingly more expensive every year. The United States ranks as third highest in the western world, only behind Mexico and Japan, for cost of college tuition (Taylor, Adam. ââ¬Å"Hereââ¬â¢s Whatâ⬠). With the growing divide in wealth in America between the elite and working or lower class, many students and their families are finding entry into higher education more unattainable than everRead MoreCost Benefits of Attending College1082 Words à |à 5 PagesCollege is one of the better investments a person can make to enhance their life. Attending college sets you in the right direction to become a successful individual in the future. Yes, college takes time, and a great deal of money, but in the end it is all worth it. People who graduate from college are more likely to obtain a high end paying job than a person with just a high school education. The cost of attending college may be expensive, bu t, the outcome of it all is worth the wait. The mostRead MoreIs College Still A Good Investment?958 Words à |à 4 PagesIn Does College Still Pay, Lisa Barrow explores that even though the college tuition costs are increasing rapidly, is college still a good investment. 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The pressure to continue another four (or more) years of education after high school can be overwhelming considering twelve years of schooling has already been completed; why go right back to school again? Whenââ¬â¢s break time? Some people are simply just not ready for college and they know it, or at least until afterRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words à |à 7 Pagesfinancial outlay once a decision is made. à I made a decision to attend Ashford University in January of 2014. à I am pursuing a BA in Operational Management and Analysis with a set graduation date of January 2018. à This paper is a financial report on my college education and projected future employment utilizing an ROI calculation. The reason I select to pursue a BA in Operational Management and Analysis is the personal gain of financial status. à Society has a growing need for business educated individual laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-68126939645970684652020-05-13T02:21:00.001-07:002020-05-13T02:21:03.960-07:00Gambling in The Bahamas Should it Be Legalized - 1821 Words The right to gamble is a right given to several matured persons living in the United Sates for the purpose of amusement. The Oxford dictionary defines the word ââ¬Ëgambleââ¬â¢ as playing games for a chance of winning money. Last year, the current Government of the Bahamas proposed a referendum that asked Bahamians about their views on gambling. The referendum asked Bahamians if they supported the regularization and taxation of web shop gaming. As noted in the results, the mass of the Bahamian people voted no against the referendum. Today, the gambling issue has reawakened and Bahamians are now in a fight against the laws of their country. Several Bahamians believe that the law discriminates against Bahamians because it prohibits Bahamians from owning and legally gambling in casinos within in their homeland. Although any form of gambling is illegal in the Bahamas, there are abundant web houses that allow Bahamians to participate in a few forms of gambling. Gambling in The Bahama s propose that legalized gambling can result in job creation, revenue generation and prevent discrimination of Bahamians however, Harms of Legalized Gambling suggest that gaming can lead to poverty, increased and pathological gambling. Numerous web houses and casinos are found throughout the islands of the Bahamas. 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Gambling regulations exist all over the country as there is a basis of set laws that are put forth by the government, such as the ability to not buy a lottery ticket until the age of 18 and not being able to fully access a casino until the age of 21. On the topic of individual state, states have the power to control who gambles and how by setting forth regulations on the topic of gambling, such as recent applications that involve laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-26743801810026557202020-05-06T13:14:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:14:07.175-07:00Swastikaââ¬a Symbol of Good and Evil Free Essays SOCS350-ON November 7, 2008 THE SWASTIKA-A SYMBOL OF GOOD AND EVIL The hackenkreuz, gamma cross, gammadion, St. Brigitââ¬â¢s cross, fylfot cross and swastika are all references to one symbol, the oldest cross in the world. This symbol is represented several thousand years B. We will write a custom essay sample on Swastikaââ¬âa Symbol of Good and Evil or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. in multiple cultures. It is not until the 1900ââ¬â¢s that the term ââ¬Å"swastikaâ⬠elicits such a fervor of emotions. It is interesting to contrast the viewpoints of the Chinese community versus the enormity of human passion that ensues in a Jewish community when the symbol is displayed. As cited in Chinese Symbols ââ¬â Common Five Asian Attributes,http:symbolic-meanings. com/2007/11/01chinese-symbols-commonAncient Chinese symbols and their meanings are a product of a very savvy people who understood the human need to progress in their conjunction with their propensity to link positive change with visual/allegorical concepts. The Chinese believe that crises in oneââ¬â¢s life bring the opportunity for change. Symbolism is incorporated in the kanji, more commonly referred to as Chinese characters. Kanji, itself means both crises and opportunity. As many people of China embrace the Buddhist religion, it is an opportunity to discuss the swastika from this point of view. As cited in ReligionFacts; ââ¬Å" The Swastika Symbol in Buddhismâ⬠htt//symbolic-meanings. com/2007/11/01chinese-symbols-common Page 2 Swastika In Buddhism, the swastika signifies auspiciousness and good fortune as well as the Buddhaââ¬â¢s footprints and the Buddhaââ¬â¢s heart. The swastika is said to contain the whole mind of the Buddha and can often be found imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of Buddha images. It is also the first of the 65 auspicious symbols on the footprint of the Buddha. The swastika will also be found in homes, on the doorways to temples, at the beginning of books, in decorative borders and in clothing as well as being carved into Chinese coins. The swastika is seen as a symbol of luck and life. As cited in NewsFinder. org/site/more/swastika ââ¬Å"The Oldest Known Symbolâ⬠In Nazi Germany, the swastika became the national symbol. In 1910, a poet and nationalist, Guido von List suggested that the swastika be a symbol for all anti Semitic organizations. On August 7, 1920, at the Salzburg Congress, this flag became the official emblem of the Nazi Party. The actual drawing of the thousands of year old swastika remained the same with one exception after the adoption by the Naziââ¬â¢sââ¬âthe exclusive use of the colors black, red and white. The swastika holds a vivid, powerful vision for those of the Jewish community. The impact though now changes from positive and serene as seen with the Chinese community to that of conjuring up memories of the holocaust, a time of horror and hate. The brief appropriation by the Naziââ¬â¢s of the swastika has forever destroyed the positive a Page 3 Swastika and serene interpretation of this symbol for much of the world but especially for those of Hebrew belief. So deeply imbedded in the minds of those with an ancestry to Judaism that to merely see the swastika is to re-live the stories of the holocaust, the inhumanity and despair. So powerful a symbol is that the swastika can create havoc on oneââ¬â¢s limbic system. Though fewer victims are left now from this reign of terror, the legacy lives on to this day and assuredly shall for many generations to come. Two cultures, two moments in time, two opposing interpretations as related to a simple drawing have been discussed. The power is of course not in the drawing, but in the meaning perceived by the drawing. In one culture we see the swastika as life, in the other we see the swastika as a vile destruction of life. How to cite Swastikaââ¬âa Symbol of Good and Evil, Papers laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-49416867657612029122020-05-03T23:24:00.001-07:002020-05-03T23:24:02.984-07:00Managing People & Organisations Samples for Students â⬠MyAssignmenthel Question: Discuss about the Managing People Organisations. Answer: Introduction Due of globalization, there is a fast increment in changing methodologies and operational strategies and methodology of associations. As the associations change from household to worldwide associations developing future worldwide directors turns into an essential segment of an effective worldwide business (Appannaiah, Reddy and Putty, 2010). To execute a worldwide methodology for business needs the opportune individual at the correct place and for this reason, individual administration ability examination is fundamental. It is imperative to perceive what the global managers are before breaking down the abilities and capacities fundamental enemy the powerful global administration. Global managers are the people that have a comprehension about the distinctive cross-societies of various nations and lead groups around the world. Global components affect the individual administration aptitudes. Abilities and Capacities of worldwide administration help to keep up an upper hand and guarantee the achievement of an association in the dynamic and complex global market. The global administration is a capacity of the nearby or universal director to empower, impact and motivate people to assume a part for the accomplishment of the objectives and goals of the organization. A globalmanagement capacity is an aptitude, learning or capacity that empowers, impact and inspires people to contribute to the accomplishment of the objectives of organization crosswise over limits (Bhimani and Dai, 2008). The motivation behind the GlobalManagement is to bolster worldwide directors in enhancing their administration framework and help them to meet the necessities adequately and effectively of their organization to make an estimation of the organization around the world. As per physiological affiliation, identity can be characterized as an individual's qualities like feeling, carrying on and thinking contrasts from different people. The five major measurements of identity are utilized to judge the attributes of somebody's identity these are uprightness, pleasantness, neuroticism, openness to understanding and extroversion. Literature review Themanagement plays a significant role in managing all the operations. It is necessary for the administrators to have a globalized environment to work and perform in a globalized situation of business adequately and effectively. Global managers can be able to approach the globe by utilizing diverse strategies that are connected with individual qualities, abilities, and skills of people. Six worldwide outlooks are view life as a test, accept challenges as an open door, search for conditions, concentrates on the procedure, assorted collaboration, and battle for adapt to vulnerability. The individual attributes that are identified with these attitudes are adaptability, affectability, flexibility, learning, conceptualization, judgment and reflection (Britton and Waterston, 2013). Managing with the many-sided quality, rivalry, instability, groups, and learning are the abilities and capacities that are required by the worldwide administration. The capacity of associations in sharing their insight in and outside the association for the achievement of the elements of the associations and analyzed the connection between sharing of learning and aptitudes for the global accomplishment of the business. The Global administration capabilities and audit and talk about the past research identified with Global authority abilities to be viable worldwide pioneer individual ought to have social judgment aptitudes, mindfulness, self-control, organizing abilities, and acknowledgment of unpredictability (Dauber, 2005). Global authority abilities are fundamental for the accomplishment of a business and furthermore talk about the lacks in the past reviews and incorporate the capacities of people to perform work universally. The impact of coordination process on the conduct of peace making and global execution of groups and found that dealing with the groups' performance execution can decrease internal conflict of groups and the achievement o f the business internationally. The requirement for a chief to be a global manager is crucial because globalization is expanding in all organizations to a great extent. The worldwide point of view to be a worldwide chief comprise of the proper information and abilities of global mentality. To end up noticeably a viable global there is a prerequisite of building up the worldwide outlook. The possibility of worldwide worldview developing in current open administration and found that there is have to change thoughts regarding people in general administration to be effective in the globe (Hall, 2007). The worldwide attitude of chiefs in the articulation of contextualization and conceptualization capacities is illustrated. The discoveries demonstrated that conceptualization scored higher than contextualization in material ventures and suggested that partnerships that work their business all around ought to accentuation more on preparing for learning and abilities before appointing assignment to the administrators intern ationally (Horngren, 2013). Mindfulness portrayed as understanding the qualities picture and part of an individual show character and investigates the presumptions qualities and shortcomings. Self-awareness is a capacity to deal with the anxiety related circumstances and adapt to the indeterminate circumstance. Personality Personality is characterized as a tolerably steady practices show and inward conditions of a person which can clarify the propensity of somebody's conduct. Identity incorporates two sorts of practices inward and outer. External behaviors can be seen to recognize the identity of a person (Horngren, 2013). For example, one can easily observe the method for association of a person with others. The internal practices incorporate qualities, considerations, and such attributes that we couldn't watch effortlessly. Since 100 years back researchers were attempting to develop identity qualities records. Numerous specialists attempted to create characteristics of identity and discovered a great many groups of identity qualities. After contracting they extricate theoretical five identity measurements. Late examinations utilize these five measurements to judge the characteristics of somebody's identity. The primary measurement is conscientiousness that depicts the general population who are self-taught, depend-capable, assurance to disorganized and careless. Individuals who have low faith are considered as flippant, less precise, reckless, and disordered. Second appropriateness which is alluded to the people who are minding, confiding in, considerate, empathic, inviting, excusing and disorganized (Horngren, 2014). Individuals who have low suitability are considered as irascible, bad-tempered, and uncooperative. Third neuroticism that is inversed to the passionate dependability and this measurement i ncorporates the qualities of individuals having nervousness, sadness, hostility, shaky, and reluctance. Individuals who have low neuroticism are considered as adjusted, quiet, and secure. Fourth is an openness to experience which is portrayed as the adaptable, inventive, inquisitive, and sensitive individuals. Individuals are having a low openness to encounter considered as resolute, less inventive, and responsive. Costa and McCrae, 1992 depict that the extroversion as power and amount of vitality which coordinated people outwards into the social world (Kew and Watson, 2012). Extroversion alludes to as qualities of individuals who are loquacious, cordial, self-assured and sociable. The general population who have low extroversion are considered as modest, careful, agreeable and calm. The examination of globalmanagement and identity qualities and discussion about the connection between individual attributes learning capacities, relational and behavioral capacities that are basic to finish a task. The writing about the capacities required for Global Management substantial learning and aptitudes and behavioural capacities for instance confidence, self-control and mindfulness that are important to finish an undertaking and to exploit the knowledge to complete task effectively and central individual attributes good faith, pleasantness, neuroticism, openness to involvement and extroversion that significantly affect confidence, self-direction and mindfulness and abilities and learning advancement of global mangers (McMillan, 2010). It is essential for global management to break down the three personality attributes that are identified with multifaceted practices, for example, Extroversion and Openness to Experience help in the effectiveness of the global management diverse communications. The key to the business achievement universally relies on the mix of identity attributes and global management abilities (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008). They prescribe that the worldwide abilities can be resolved through the four qualities of identity attributes: intellectual capacity, openness, self-esteem and emotional stability to involvement. Global administration capacities incorporate social affectability, social capacities, and stress dealing with capacity. Evaluation of the personality impacts on the global management capabilities Principal individual attributes scruples, pleasantness, neuroticism, openness to understanding and extroversion that significantly affect confidence, self-control, and mindfulness, organize aptitudes and behavioral capacities and tangible information improvement of worldwide troughs. The survey is created to assess the effect of identity qualities on the worldwide administration capacities of the confidence, self-control and mindfulness and substantial learning organizing abilities like; to build up your worldwide administration aptitudes (Naoum, 2011). What is your preference? Which are global management personality attributes seen to be steady in the accomplishment of objectives successfully? Do you think identity characteristics impact the confidence, Self-mindfulness, and self-controls of global mangers? Which strategies are seen to be best in building up each global management capacity Self-awareness, self-esteem and self-controls? What challenges do you believe are confronted by global management in accomplishing the organization objectives? Is there a positive effect of honesty on the global management capacities? Examine the Impact of agreeableness neuroticism openness to involvement and extroversion on the global management abilities? For an effective global manager, it is significance to have a worldwide mentality. Global managers ought to be able to comprehend and examinations the conditions confronted by the business internationally. Identity-characteristics openness to involvement and scruples are critical to adapt to the complexities and difficulties confronted in worldwide administration. The inter correlation of honesty, openness to involvement and extroversion are emphatically related with the global administration abilities confidence, self-direction and mindfulness and system aptitudes and substantial learning while the suitability, neuroticism, are contrarily identified with the global administration capacities (Olive, 2012). The need of the management is depicted as an important factor which is being used for showing the appropriate management of the work and also the increment of the business is largely made. The distribution of the appropriate skills is illustrated to be important for the management with considering the global perspectives. The need of the management is represented to be showing the appropriate enhancement of the goals which are depicted to be crucial for the global perspectives and also the effective global management is requisite for showing the enhancement of the structure (Powers and Needles, 2012). It also shows the appropriate management of the expressions which are conceptualized by showing the incorporation of the operations that are involved in showing the global emphasis. The growth of the knowledge and the training is very much crucial for the management of the skills which are essential for showing the appropriate assigning of the works and also the international managers a re conducted by showing the enhancement of the work force. The development of the awareness programs is included in the form of showing the internal skills executions which are involved in showing the awareness showing the understandings of the values and the image (Scott, 2015). This clearly explains the structure of the skills which is important for the establishment of the roles and the values that enables the establishment of the standards which is enabled in showing the appropriate work for the assumptions of the self-evaluation and also the enhancement of the work is being made by showing the stress related to the uncertain situations which are being made to cope with the focusing on the uncertain situations. The personality is being defined by showing the focus on the constant behavior models and also the internal states of the person which explains the tendency of the behaviors that are being made by showing the enhancement of the work. Thus the explanations which are provid ed are belonging to the consideration of the values and also the thoughts that show the enhancement of the shows and also the explanation of the study. The study also explains the enhancement of the values which are constructed by showing the internal behaviors and also the explanation of the values can be illustrated by showing the enhancement thoughts which are related to the study (Rao, 2010). This shows the appropriate explanation of the study and also the explanation of the stress related to the situations and also the uncertain situations and also the explanation of the study. Thus it also the explanation of the work is being made by showing the enhancement of the interactions and also the personality which is included in the part of behavior and also the explanation is being identified by showing the enhancement interaction of the person. Plan to determine the objectives To become a global manger, there is an extraordinary need for the reflection and identity examination of the administrative abilities and capacities of people in a global environment. When assembling a global administration, it is proposed to utilize the advancement arranging base on the individual qualities and global management capacities. Learning and improvement arrange in light of the examination as per the capacities. The survey of the identity attributes and global management abilities are important to become a global manger. It is key to perceive what the global managers are before breaking down the aptitudes and capacities fundamental enemy the viable global management. The global managers are the people that have a comprehension about the distinctive cross-societies of various nations and lead groups around the world (Spiceland, 2010). Global factors affect the individual administration aptitudes. Aptitudes and abilities of global management help to keep up competitive advantage and guarantee the accomplishment of an association in the dynamic and complex global market. Identity characteristics and global management capacities for turning into a global manager not have the fixation on the sort and size of the association however assessment of trough's learning, part, values, and business related capacities and experience are required. In general, the point of view was on identity qualities and global management capacities that reliability openness to involvement and was clearly the top of the line identity characteristic in turning into the global manger. Suitability was evaluated as second in the identity qualities to wind up noticeably a worldwide trough (Stein, 2010). Neuroticism has a negative critical effect on the worldwide administration abilities to wind up noticeably a global manger. At last, extroversion was a detached most loved identity characteristic to turning into a worldwide trough. The primary capacity of global management is to expand the viability and proficiency in the execution of authoritative exercises that leads and support to accomplish the objectives and targets of the association. The essential worry of Manager is to have the learning, aptitudes and behavioral capacity to break down the individual qualities to be a global manger. Another concern of the global management is to discover that all capacities confidence, mindfulness, self-direction, substantial learning, organize aptitudes and behavioral capacities are basic to be a global manger. In spite of the fact that these abilities are required by the local and also worldwide supervisors yet these capacities are critical for global management than local administration (Stice and Stice, 2014). Once the global management capacities are obviously characterized then the learning and improvement work decides the proper learning and advancement techniques. This incorporates a push to create mindfulness, self-control, confidence and learning and abilities to be a global manager. The determination of the plan is being made by showing the enhancement of the characteristics which is being made by showing the appropriate construction of the work and also the explanation of the work is being made by showing the global managers which is being made by showing the circumstances which is being faced by showing the experiences which are used to cope the objectives. Conclusion It is presumed that Global Management is a capacity of local or worldwide manager to empower, impact and rouse people to assume a part for the accomplishment of the objectives and targets of the organization. A Global management capacity is an aptitude, learning or capacity that empowers, impact and spurs people to contribute to the accomplishment of the objectives of organization across over limits (Weil, 2017). The examination of the reflection and individual management aptitudes show relationships of reliability, openness to understanding and extroversion are decidedly related with the worldwide administration abilities confidence, self-direction and mindfulness and system abilities and tangible learning. The suitability and neuroticism are contrarily identified with the Global management capacities. References Scott, W. (2015).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson. Spiceland, J. (2010).Intermediate accounting. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Stein, G. (2010).Managing people and organizations. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Stice, J. and Stice, E. (2014).Intermediate accounting. Mason: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Thampi, S. (2014).Managing Trust in Cyberspace. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Appannaiah, H., Reddy, P. and Putty, R. (2010).Financial accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C. (2014).Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Kew, J. and Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. McMillan, E. (2010).Not-for-Profit Accounting, Tax, and Reporting Requirements, 2nd Edition. John Wiley Sons. Merna, T. and Al-Thani, F. (2008).Corporate risk management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Naoum, S. (2011).People and organisational management in construction. London: Ice Publishing. Olive, C. (2012).Accounting Management. Delhi: University Publications. Oppermann, H. (2009).Accounting standards. Lansdowne: Juta. Powers, M. and Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rao, P. (2010).Management and Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Himalaya Pub. House. Bhimani, A. and Dai, T. (2008).Management and cost accounting. Harlow: Prentice Hall/Financial Times. Britton, A. and Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Dauber, N. (2005).2006 Auditing standards. Canada: Thomson. Hall, A. (2007).Managing People. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-13969816146561306482020-03-27T17:22:00.001-07:002020-03-27T17:22:02.520-07:00Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founderBiography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) co-founded the Black Panther Party with Huey P. Newton. The organization, which was the most well-known group launched during the black power movement, stood out for its free breakfast program and emphasis on self-defense- a departure from the nonviolent philosophy advocated by civil rights activists. Fast Facts: Bobby Seale Known For: Co-founder, along with Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther PartyBorn: October 22, 1936 in Dallas, TexasParents: George and Thelma SealeEducation: Merritt Community CollegeSpouse(s): Artie Seale, Leslie M. Johnson-SealeChildren: Malik Seale, Jaime SealeNotable Quote: ââ¬Å"You dont fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity. Early Life and Education Bobby Seale, the first child of George and Thelma Seale, was born on October 22, 1936. He grew up with a brother (Jon), a sister (Betty), and a first cousin (Alvin Turner- the son of his motherââ¬â¢s identical twin). In addition to Dallas, the family lived in other Texas cities, including San Antonio. Seales parents had a rocky relationship, separating and reconciling repeatedly. The family struggled financially and sometimes rented out parts of their home to other families to earn additional income. Seales father, George, was a carpenter who once built a home from the ground up. He was also physically abusive; Bobby Seale later described being whipped with a belt by his father at age 6. When the family moved to California, George Seale struggled to get carpentry work or join a union, as unions often excluded African Americans during the Jim Crow era. When George Seale did manage to enter a union, he was one of just of three black men in the state with union membership, according to Seale. As a teenager, Seale hauled groceries and mowed lawns to earn extra cash. He attended Berkeley High School but dropped out to sign up for the US Air Force in 1955. After a conflict with a commanding officer, Seale was dishonorably discharged. However, this setback did not deter him. He earned his high school diploma and made a living as a sheet metal mechanic for aerospace companies. He also worked as a comedian. In 1960, Seale enrolled in Merritt College, where he joined a black student group and his political consciousness took hold. Two years later, he met Huey P. Newton, the man with whom he would start the Black Panthers. Founding the Black Panther Party At a 1962 demonstration against the Kennedy Administrations naval blockade of Cuba, Seale befriended Huey Newton. Both men found inspiration in black radical Malcolm X and were devastated when he was assassinated in 1965. The next year, they decided to form a group to reflect their political beliefs, and the Black Panthers were born. The organization reflected Malcolm Xââ¬â¢s philosophy of self-defense by any means necessary. The idea of armed African Americans proved controversial in the broader United States, but as the civil rights movement waned following the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., many young black Americans leaned towards radicalism and militancy. The Black Panthers were particularly concerned about racism in the Oakland Police Department, but before long, Panthers chapters sprang up nationwide. The Black Panther Party became most well known for their 10-point plan and free breakfast program. The 10-point plan included culturally-relevant teaching, employment, shelter, and exemption from military service for African Americans. Legal Battles In 1968, Bobby Seale and seven other protesters were charged with conspiring to incite a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. When the trial date arrived, Seales lawyer was ill and unable to appear; the judge denied the request to delay the trial. Seale claimed the right to defend himself in order to advocate for his own constitutional rights, but the judge did not allow him to give an opening statement, cross-examine witnesses, or speak to the jury. Seale contended that the judge had denied him his right to counsel, and he began to speak out in protest during the proceedings. In response, the judge ordered him bound and gagged. Seale was chained (later strapped) to a chair, with his mouth and jaw strapped shut, for several days of the trial. Ultimately, the judge sentenced Seale to four years in prison for contempt of court. That sentence was later overturned, but it did not mark the end of Sealeââ¬â¢s legal troubles. In 1970, Seale and another defendant were tried for killing a Black Panther believed to be a police informant. The hung jury resulted in a mistrial, so Seale was not convicted of the 1969 murder. As his court battles unfolded, Seale wrote a book tracing the history of the Black Panthers. The book, published in 1970, was titled Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. But the time Seale spent behind bars awaiting the outcomes of various court cases had taken a toll on the group, which began to fall apart in his absence. The settling of the court cases saw Seale take charge of the Panthers again. In 1973, he changed focus by putting his bid in to become the mayor of Oakland. He placed second in the race. He left the Panthers the following year. In 1978, he wrote his autobiography, A Lonely Rage. Later Years In the 1970s, the black power movement subsided, and groups like the Black Panthers ceased to exist. Deaths, prison sentences, and internal conflicts spurred by initiatives like the FBIââ¬â¢s Counterintelligence Program played a role in the unraveling process. Bobby Seale remains politically active, giving talks on his life and activism at college campuses and other venues. More than 50 years after the Black Panthers formed, the group continues to influence politics, pop culture, and activism. Sources ââ¬Å"Bobby Seale.â⬠PBS.org.Bennett, Kitty. Bobby Seale: Black Panther leader was one of the Chicago Eight. AARP Bulletin, 27 August, 2010.Glass, Andrew. Kennedy imposes naval blockade of Cuba, Oct. 22, 1962. Politico, 22 October, 2009.Seale, Bobby. ââ¬Å"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party.â⬠1970. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-53850122309112944422020-03-06T23:45:00.001-08:002020-03-06T23:45:03.998-08:00Trouble Sleeping Learn How Long Caffeine Stays in Your SystemTrouble Sleeping Learn How Long Caffeine Stays in Your System SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips How long does caffeine stay in your system? What is the half-life of caffeine? How does caffeine half-life differ between individuals? In this quick guide, we'll go over how long caffeine stays in the average person's body, what factors impact how long you'll feel the effects of caffeine, and what you can do to combat the caffeine jitters. Ultimately, we'll help you answer the key question: how long does caffeine stay in your body? How Long Does Caffeine Stay in Your Body? The Average Person Caffeine is absorbed by the membranes of your body incredibly quickly. Once you take in caffeine, you'll feel its full effects within 15-45 minutes. After that, your liver will start breaking down the caffeine into caffeine metabolites, which you will eventually excrete in urine. In the average adult, the half-life of caffeine is about 5-6 hours. This means that once take a dose of caffeine, you'll break down about half of that caffeine after 5-6 hours. So if you take in 200 mg of caffeine at 9 am, you'll still have about 100 mg left in your body between 2 and 3 pm. How Long Does Caffeine Affect You Specifically? So now you know that the average person experiences a caffeine half-life of about 5-6 hours. But how long after drinking that cup of coffee or downing that Mountain Dew will you still be feeling a buzz? How long does caffeine stay in your body in particular? That depends on a few factors. Your Unique Metabolism Caffeine is processed and broken down by a set of enzymes in the liver. How much of that enzyme you produce is determined by genetics. This means that some people metabolize (or break down) caffeine extra-slowly, and some people break it down so quickly they barely feel the stimulating effects of caffeine. The only way to really know how you metabolize caffeine is to have some and see what happens. If you are hypersensitive to caffeine, even small doses (think half a cup of coffee) may give you the "coffee jitters"- which can include feelings of anxiety, restlessness, nausea, diarrhea, heart palpitations, and general discomfort. If you are hyposensitive, you won't feel much of a stimulating effect from caffeine at a normal dose, even if you've never had it before. Note also that pregnant women metabolize caffeine much more slowly, with an average caffeine half-life of up to eight hours. Size of Caffeine Dose Whatever caffeine half-life you have, the size of the dose you take will make a big difference in how long you still feel the impact of caffeine. If you drink one espresso shot (which has about 50-65 mg of caffeine) and your personal caffeine half-life is about five hours, you'll have a pretty negligible amount of caffeine in your system ten hours after ingestion. However, if you drink four eight-oz. cups of coffee in a row, taking in about 400 mg of caffeine, you'll still have 100 mg of caffeine in your system after 10 hours- enough to keep you pretty buzzed. Any amount of caffeine in your system about 50 mg may be enough for you to still feel some effects. (Or even less if you're hypersensitive!) Note too that different products have different caffeine dosages. Coffee has more caffeine than black tea, which has more caffeine than green tea. Additionally, not all coffee brewing methods make equally strong coffee. For example, drip coffee has more caffeine than instant coffee. Even coffee from the same shop may have different caffeine content on different days! Your Caffeine Tolerance The more often you consume caffeine, the more tolerant you become to its effects. Regular coffee drinkers need to drink more and more coffee over time to get the same stimulating effects from caffeine that they did initially. If you're a new coffee drinker, expect to feel the impact of caffeine much more strongly than if you're a coffee veteran. (If you are a big coffee drinker, keep in mind that super-high caffeine doses are toxic. Try to moderate your intake so that you aren't constantly taking bigger and bigger doses.) Other Drugs You Take Other substances that you take into your body can impact how you metabolize caffeine and change the half-life of caffeine in your own body. For example, hormonal birth control can slow down how quickly you process caffeine, making you more sensitive to its effects. By contrast, regular smokers have a caffeine half-life of about three hours, making them less sensitive to the effects of caffeine. Other drugs can also impact how you process caffeine, so look up how caffeine interacts with any prescription drugs or other substances you are taking. Can You Speed Up the Half-Life of Caffeine? Feeling the caffeine jitters? Are you anxious, panicked, or nauseated? Can you speed up your body's processing of caffeine to make yourself feel better? In short, not really. There's not actually a reliable way to speed up the processing of caffeine in your liver in the short-term. However, here are some things you can do to help you feel better while you process the caffeine: Drink Water Drinking water won't "flush" your system of caffeine, in spite of the commonsense wisdom. However, caffeine is a diuretic, which means that it can cause dehydration. Drinking plenty of water will help minimize dehydration and help alleviate some of the symptomatic effects of the caffeine jitters. Eat Food Caffeine can suppress your appetite, so you may feel the impacts of low blood sugar, including nausea and headache, if you don't make a conscious effort to eat. Taking your caffeine with a meal will also slow down your processing of caffeine, which will make you less likely to have the jitters. Exercise While exercise won't make you metabolize caffeine any faster, it will help you to burn off some of the extra energy caused by caffeine's adrenaline release. This may help you feel better. Bottom Line: How Long Does Caffeine Stay in Your System? How long does caffeine stay in the body? Well, the average person will experience the half-life of caffeine at about 5-6 hours. But how long does caffeine stay in the body such that you still feel its effects? This depends on a few factors: Your unique metabolism: genetics plays a role in how fast your liver can metabolize caffeine. Size of caffeine dose: A larger dose will impact your body for longer. The average person will feel some impact of caffeine at about 50 mg or above. Your caffeine tolerance: The more often you take in caffeine, the less you'll feel its effects. Other drugs you take: Other substances you take can speed up or slow down your caffeine metabolizing processes. There's no way to actually process caffeine any faster in the short-term. But if you've had too much and you're uncomfortable, these things might help you feel better: Drink water: Caffeine can dehydrate you, so water will make you feel better. Eat food: Caffeine can suppress your appetite, so be sure to eat! Exercise: Exercise can help you burn off some of the excess energy caused by taking caffeine. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-50406049868019530752020-02-19T15:10:00.001-08:002020-02-19T15:10:01.864-08:00Revelation by Flannery O'Connor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsRevelation by Flannery O'Connor - Essay Example Through her interactions with other characters in the room, the real character of Mrs. Turpin is well brought out, and consequently, the central theme of the story is advanced. Mrs. Turpin is a self-opinionated woman who believes to be superior and of a higher social class. The experiences of life cause her to reflect on her life, and correct the errors of the past, and finally realize that she isnââ¬â¢t as righteous as initially thought. While at the doctorââ¬â¢s office, the attitudes and characteristics of Mrs. Turpin are clearly brought out. First, Turpin is portrayed to be a judgmental individual with a negative perception of others. For example, while at the waiting room, she looked at the boy and the old woman and ââ¬Å"could tell by the way they sat- kind of vacant and white-trashy, as if they would sit there until Doomsdayâ⬠. Through such thoughts, it is clear that Turpin never thought positively of those around them but instead was quick to pick out the real or perceived negativities about them. Her hate for others is further illustrated by her choice of either being white or black. If she had been given a choice by Jesus of either being a nigger or a white trash, she would have chosen ââ¬Å"a nigger then-but that don't mean a trashy oneâ⬠. Here, one can clearly see that she disliked white people to the extreme. She is intolerable and looks down upon everyone around her. Second, the story furth er reveals Turpin to be an egoistic woman with an extreme worldview. She perceives herself to be a very important person, belonging to an elite class of only a few. For instance, she spent most of her time at night putting people into various categories. The colored and the white-trash people were ranked lowly. She felt that she wouldnââ¬â¢t want to be in this category. However, for her and the husband, they belonged to a higher class of ââ¬Å"the home-and-land ownersâ⬠. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-69478559485553208442020-02-04T09:55:00.001-08:002020-02-04T09:55:02.793-08:00STD Education Campaign Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsSTD Education Campaign - Case Study Example 4. Public education: The campaign should be able to teach the students how transmission of STDs occurs and the potential preventive measures. The campaign should also teach the students the importance of knowing ones HIV status. Hygiene should also be part of the teaching during sexual activities (Aral, Fenton, & Lipshutz, 2013). 5. Promoting openness: Most of the people that have contracted STDs feel shy to seek doctorsââ¬â¢ help. The campaign team should make the students understand that keeping STD as a secret is risky to an individualââ¬â¢s life. They should be encouraged to seek a doctorââ¬â¢s help as soon as they realize some of the symptoms. By doing that cure would be easier than waiting for the disease to worsen. 6. STD patients care: During the campaignââ¬Å¡, the students should accomplish services such as STD, HIV and pregnancy test. The campaign team should advance health care to STD, HIV and Pregnant patients. Moreover, the team should provide the patients with medicine to fasten the healing process and preventive process. 7. Motivating the students; Notably, students would always appreciate and remain motivated when given gifts. For a student, issuance of a participation certificate could be the most precious thing in the campaign. The certificate would assist them remember the teachings about STD and act as a professional laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-39971089959956702862020-01-27T06:19:00.001-08:002020-01-27T06:19:02.607-08:00Strategic Planning, MintzbergStrategic Planning, Mintzberg Roll of strategic planning and implementation Introduction According to Mintzberg et al (2003, p.10) ââ¬ËA strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organisations major goals, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole. A well formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organisations resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment, and contingent moves by intelligent opponents. Likewise Haberburg and Rieple (2008, p.6) defined strategy as ââ¬Ë a strategy is the set of actions through which an organisation , by accident or design, develops resources and uses them to deliver services or products in a way which its users find valuable, while meeting the financial and other objectives and constraints imposed by key stakeholders. In contrast White (2004, p.5) defined strategy as ââ¬Ëa coordinated series of actions which involve the deployment of resources to which one has access for the achievement of a given purpose. Furthermore strategy ââ¬Ëis a process of translating perceived opportunity into successful outcomes, by means of purposive action sustained over a significant period of time. Lynch (2000, p.8) defined corporate strategy as ââ¬Ë it is the pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be. Morden (2007, p.14) revealed, Strategic Management is concerned with the character and direction of the enterprise as a whole. It is concerned with basic decisions about what the enterprise is now, and what it is to be in the future. It determines the purpose of the enterprise. It provide the framework for decisions about people, leadership, customers or clients , risk, finance, resources, products, systems, technologies, location, competition, and time. It determines what enterprise should be capable of achieving, and what it will not choose to do. It will determine whether and how the organisation will add value, and what form that added value should take. Strategic management is also concerned with management planning and decision making for the decision making for the medium and long-term future. It is considered with the anticipation of that future and with the establishment of a vision or view of how the enterprise should develop into the future that it must face. Strategic Planning According to Marios I.Katsioloudes (2006) ââ¬Å"Strategic planning is the process by which a system maintains its competitiveness within its work environment by determining where the organization is, where it wants to go, and how it wishes to get there. In other words, strategic planning involves examining what strategies will enable to corporation or association to prosper in futureâ⬠Strategic planning is a process where you determine the strengths and weakness of your business. You also can set your companys goals, objective and mission statement during this process. We can say this that strategic planning is a management tool for organizing. Its also lead an organizing from where is now to future. A good definition is strategic planning is ââ¬Å"the process of determining a companys long-term goals and than indentifying the best approach for achieving those goals.â⬠Without a strategic planning an organization will never know where it going. Importance Strategic planning is a very important for an organization. And its help to achieve An organizations goals and its also helps to provide direction and focus for all employees. It points to specific results that are to be achieved and establishes a course of action for achieving them. A strategic plan also helps the various work units within an organization to align themselves with common goals. Strategic planning Process In the earlier 1970s, various large firms adopted an official top-down strategic planning model. With this model, strategic planning became a planned process in which top executives from time to time would prepare the firms strategy, and then communicate it down the organization for implementation. The following strategic planning process model discuses below. Mission | V Objectives | V Situation Analysis | V Strategy Formulation | V Implementation | V Control This process is most appropriate for strategic management at the business unit level in organization. For large corporations, strategy at the corporate level is more concerned with managing a selection of businesses. In the process outlined here, company or firm will be used to signify a single-business firm or a single business unit of a diversified firm. Mission A mission is important key factor of any organization. The mission often expressed in the form of a mission statement of any organization, which conveys a sense of purpose to employees and projects a company image to customers. In the strategy formulation process, the mission statement sets the mood of where the company should go. Objectives Objectives are actual goals that the organization will achieve, for example, an earnings growth target. The objectives should be challenging but achievable. They also should be considerable so that the company can monitor its progress and make corrections as needed. Situation Analysis Once the firm has specified its objectives, it starts with its current situation to set up a strategic plan to fulfil those objectives. Changes in the external environment and make new opportunities and new ways to achieve their objectives. An environmental scan is performing to find out the available opportunities. The situation analysis therefore involves an analysis of both the external and internal environment. The external environment has two dimensions: the macro-environment affects all firms and a micro-environment that affects only the firms in a particular industry. The macro-environmental analysis includes political, economic, social, and technological factors and sometimes is called PEST analysis. An important part of the micro-environmental analysis is the industry in which the firm operates or is considering operating. Michael Porter devised a five forces framework that is useful for industry analysis. We also can use SWOT Model to Analysis Companys internal and external situation. Strength and weakness use for internal analysis and opportunity and threats use for external analysis of any organisations as show in the diagram below. Strategy Formulation Once we get a clear image of the organization and its environment in hands, exact strategic alternatives can be applied. Infect different firms has different alternatives depending on their situation, there also exist generic strategies that can be applied across a wide range of firms. Control Once we applied the strategy, the results of the strategy need to be calculated and evaluated, with changes need to be required to keep the idea on path. Strategy implementation De Wit and Meyer (2005, p.278) revealed, the implementation of the strategy comprises a series of sub activities that are primarily administrative. If purpose is determined then the resources of a company can be mobilized to accomplish it. An organisational structure appropriate for the efficient performance of the required tasks must be made effective by information systems and relationships permitting coordination of subdivided activities. Furthermore the role of personal leadership is important and sometimes decisive in the accomplishment of strategy. Although we know that organisational structure and processes of compensation, incentives, control and management development influence and constraint the formulation of strategy, we should look first at the logical proposition that structure should follow strategy on order to cope later with the organisational reality that strategy also follows structure. When we have examined both tendencies, we will understand and to some extent be prepared to deal with the interdependence of the formulation and implementation of corporate purpose. According to Henry (2008, p.10) ââ¬Ëeffective implementations of strategies require the organisation to be sufficiently flexible in its organisational culture and design. Strategies need to be communicated, understood, and properly coordinated with the stakeholders inside and outside the organisation. In an age of collaboration, this may involve discussions with suppliers and partners. Although the leader of the organisation will ultimately be responsible for a strategys success or failure, their role should be to encourage and create an organisational culture which empowers managers to respond to opportunities. In this way each employee will be confident to try out new ideas and innovate without fear of reprisals. White (2004, p.618), the implementation of a successful strategy is to focus on the five Cs as the basic requirement needed to keep the separate units in any organisation to achieve the objectives of strategy. The five Cs are: Coordination, Communication, Command, Control and Conflict/consensus. Coordination: There should be coordination at every step of strategy making, certainly in the process of formulation and implementation between the stakeholders, different cooperating enterprises and organisational levels, and between different internal units within the enterprise itself. Communication: Coordination is only possible with the help of proper communication of information concerning objectives and threats, capabilities and threats, risks and threats. The accurate information must be communicated. Command: ââ¬Å"It is passed downward, reflecting the hierarchy of authority which characterizes every organisation. It should be rarely given and only when absolutely necessary, in crises or to resolve a particular conflict. It is held in reserve for when is needed. Everyone should be aware of possibility of command but it does not have to be used. There are some occasions when decisive action is necessary, but most the time staff should be aware of what they need to do without being prompted. Control: It is often exercised indirectly and discretely, through incentive structures and globalization of a corporate culture. There are direct control systems in certain areas such as finance. It is better that all become committed to following the broad directions of the strategy without explicit instructions. The outlines of strategy provide the guidelines are internalized and do not require endless repetition. Each decision maker has their own domain or is of control, all well understood, and obtains from intervention on other domains unless invited or if there is a crisis. Conflict / Consensus: Honest disagreements are certain in any organisation. It is a vital aspect of any creative activity, since creative thinking means thinking outside the normal boundaries. If a new idea is to change behaviour, it needs to be argued out in the forum of enterprise where there will inevitably by those who cannot agree. Any proposal for change for change almost always invites conflict of kind, hostility from those opposed to a new way of thinking or to change.â⬠Strategic Management Process Thompson and Strickland (2003, p.6) defined term strategic management ââ¬Å"it refers to the managerial process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy, implementation and executing the strategy, and then over time initiating whatever corrective adjustment in the vision, objectives, strategy, and execution are deemed appropriate. Strategic Vision: A strategic vision of a company reflects managements aspirations for the organisation and its business, providing a panoramic view of ââ¬Ëwhat we are doing and giving specifics about its future business plans and giving specifics about its future business plans. It brings out long-term business purpose and shape the organisational identity. A strategic vision helps an organisation in a particular direction and in a strategic path for it to follow. Setting Objectives: ââ¬ËThe purpose of setting objectives is to convert managerial statements of strategic vision and business mission into specific performance targets, i.e. results and outcomes the organisation wants to achieve. Crafting a Strategy: Strategy making brings into the critical managerial issue of how to achieve the targeted results in light of the organisations situation and prospects. Objectives are ends and the strategy is the means of achieving them. Implementing and Executing the strategy: Strategy implementation concerns the managerial exercise of putting a freshly chosen strategy into place. Likewise ââ¬Ëstrategy execution deals with the managerial exercise of supervising the ongoing pursuit of strategy, making it work, improving the competence with which it is executed, and showing measurable progress in achieving the target results.â⬠Case: British Airways Airline industries and carriers are facing very hard time, because recession has affected the business and the industries have to reduce their prices and are not making well profit as compared to the past. As it is a worldwide fast growing industry making airlines more complex and challenging. Because of recession and increased number of unemployments in airline industries. British Airways is the UKs largest international airline, flying to 6 domestic destinations over 148 international destinations at multiple times, to the all best located airports. The major place of business is Heathrow, one of the worlds premier airport locations. BA also operates a worldwide air cargo business. But still British Airways had to restructured and make some serious strategic changes to avoid the bankruptcy or the closure. BA had his vision to achieve their goal and took effective and reasonable steps to compete in the market with its performance and operation under the last couple of years. Market fell from more than 30 per cent in 1998 to about 20 per cent in 2005. This year, BA announced the worst half-year losses in its history. During the six months to September 2009, the company face a à £292m ($485m) loss, compared with à £52m profits during the same period a year earlier. In order to survive and to make an easy recovery in this competitive environment and to attain a leadership in the industry BA has taken strong steps to upgrade the systems and technology, In order to increased the fleet size British Airways ordered 36 new long haul Aircraft on 27th September 2007 which includes 12 A380s,and 24 Boeing 787s. British Airways also ordered on 1st February 2008 Airbus A318s to run a premium services out from London City Airport to New York. This fitted luxury 32 lie flat beds in business class cabin. The increase in technology like online ticketing, online checking also enhances the BA business. Because customer has no need to stand in queue. Innovative flight service such as sleeper service will attract more customers. Introduction of the terminal 5 on the HEATHROW AIRPORT will help increasing of the flig hts of the BA and able to provide more relaxed environment to its customers. Possible merger of the BRITISH AIRWAYS and QANTAS AIRLINE could be the great opportunity to become absolute market leader of the world. Willie Walsh stated that British Airways had reduced 1,450 staff members since March 2009. They also reduced the overtime and 500 redundancies were made. Twenty percent of future capital expenditure is reduced this year from 725 million pounds to 580 million pounds and it will be the same through out this year. Mr. Willie Walsh also admitted that this structural change of British Airways is necessary for survival and long term success. British Airways managed with its comprehensive and proactive strategy to accelerate its return to profitability and economic welfare well in advance of its rivals. The airline announced that it is planning to raise à £680 million of liquidity through a à £350 million convertible bond issue and by gaining access to bank facilities which are currently used to provide guarantees to its pension funds. This will increase liquidity to approximately à £2 billion. Conclusion A successful and well-organized strategic plan can recognize the organisations strength, and related weaknesses, determining the new opportunity and with useful action resolve the problems. These can be either from the capabilities and expertise of an organisation or from the actual market demand. Successful strategy plan is when there is a continues perfection and effective use of time and resources. The role of manager is very important to make organisation profit-making or non- profit making with taking right decisions. He should think strategically rather than operationally. The main factor of strategic planning is that how the information gained, implement and used. References Mintzberg, H., Lampel, L., Quinn, J. Ghoshal, S. (2003) The Strategic Process, 4th edition, Prentice Hall publishing, New Jersey. White, C. 2004, Strategic Management, 1st edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Lynch, R., 2000, Corporate Strategy, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow Morden, T. 2007, Principles of Strategic Management, 3rd edition, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Haberberg, A. Rieple, A. 2008, Strategic Management: theory and application, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. De Wit, B. Meyer, R. 2005, Strategic Synthesis: Resolving strategy paradox to create competitive advantage, 2nd edition, Thompson, London. Henry, A. 2008, Understanding Strategic Management, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. Thompson, A., Strickland A.J., 2003, Strategic Management: concepts and cases, 13th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Marios I.Katsioloudes Ph. D, (2006) Strategic Management, Global Cultural perspectives for profit and non-profit organisation, p 2, 6 Lynch, R., 2003, Corporate Strategy, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow URL Source: www.investorwords.com/4774/strategic_planning.html Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.onlinebusadv.com/index.php?PAGE=14 Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://hrmadvice.com/assets/images/swotanalysis.jpg Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/about-british-airways/public/en_gb Date of Access 25th February 2010 laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-8532840626999188692020-01-19T02:42:00.001-08:002020-01-19T02:42:04.847-08:00Alcohol And Brine ShrimpsAbstract Alcohol catches the interest of many scientists because of its different effects on human, especially during pregnancy. These effects can also be seen in lower forms of organisms, such as that of the crustacean brine shrimp. By studying these, the scientists can get a better understanding on the mechanisms underlying the alcoholââ¬â¢s effects. When other conditions are held constant, a very high amount of alcohol should inhibit the growth or hatching of these brine shrimp eggs.By growing brine shrimp eggs exposed to different concentrations of alcohol and observing the larvae afterwards, the effects of alcohol on these organisms can be revealed in a quantified manner. To do so, volumes of 0. 0 mL. 0. 1 mL, 0. 25 mL and 0. 5 mL of a 100% alcohol were placed in different Petri dishes containing 10 mL of brine solution each. Brine shrimp eggs were then placed and left for a week before the eggs and larvae were obtained and counted. Results show that there are more eggs hatch ed on the system with no alcohol in it.Though the plate with higher alcohol content showed a relatively large number of hatched eggs, it has a higher amount of dead larvae compared to the dishes having lower alcohol content. This shows that alcohol works in two ways, preventing the hatching of brine shrimp eggs and causing deaths to the larvae. I. Introduction Brine shrimps (Artemia) are small crustaceans, and not closely related to the common shrimp. They are usually termed as ââ¬Å"sea-monkeysâ⬠and sold in pet stores as fish food.They are very resistant in adverse conditions, and their eggs are able to stay dormant until the right environment induces their birth. Many of these are seen in large bodies of water, for they serve as food for the larger fish and other organisms present in the ecosystem. One interesting fact of these crustaceans is the ability of their eggs to undergo cryptobiosis, a characteristic where they exhibit a ââ¬Å"hidden lifeâ⬠by maintaining a m etabolically inactive state. This happens during adverse conditions that inhibit the growth of the organism.In this case, brine shrimp eggs stay dormant as long as there are large fluctuations in the environment caused by factors such as temperature, oxygen content, and acidity. Because of this, brine shrimps are excellent to be test subjects for this experiment regarding the effects of alcohol on early development. Brine shrimp eggs can also hatch at a short span of time, and grow into larvae capable of swimming by themselves in just a matter of days. Furthermore, there are no known ethical issues regarding the use of these organisms. In fact, a number of studies using this genus have been performed throughout history.One of these is the research of Antonio Marquezââ¬â¢s group, where they tested the effects of bacteria on Artemia franciscana. They cultivated the organism in 10 different strains of bacteria together with some major feeds. The treatment resulted to the Artemis sur vivors having a longer length. The bacteria added played an important role in providing direct feed for the Artemia. They provided essential proteins, vitamins, amino acids, and inorganic nutrients (Marques, 2005). These results can be taken into consideration when designing this experiment.Since the experiment aims to determine the effects of alcohol only, the medium on which the brine shrimp are to be grown must be free of other substances, especially bacteria that might contribute additional nutrients for the organism to grow. The experiment by Marquez also shows the versatility of these brine shrimps in data gathering experiments done on the lab. They are easy to cultivate and grow. Another research, which can complement the purpose of this experiment, is the one tackling about the toxicity of the chemical diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) when exposed to Aremtia salina The group of S.Sanchez-Fortun and M. V. Barahona found out that on high concentrations of DFP, a longer develo pment time is evident on Artemia larvae. A more concentrated solution even showed death on some of the larvae. Several treatments were tested, including addition of the compounds atropine, physostigmine pyridostignime. But only the compound 2-pyridine aldoxime methoiodide (2-PAM) proved to be effective in preventing intoxication due to DFP (Sanchez-Fortum, 2007). These results show the lethal effects of some chemicals to the larvae of some organisms.Aside from DFP, alcohol is another substance that is believed to have bad effects on organisms during their pre-birth stage. In higher animals, such as humans, alcohol is usually blamed for miscarriages, prematurity, and many other defects on birth. This alarming substance caught the attention of many, and efforts have been made to make the public aware of the dangers posed by alcohol. Such effects of alcohol are made notice by Brimacombre and his team. Sometime before the year 2007 ended, they conducted a study to asses the knowledge of health professionals regarding fetal alcohol spectrum disorders or FASD.They conducted several presentations, lectures and demos to health professionals across New Jersey over a four-month period. The groups were then asked to answer a series of 20 questions to determine the depth of their understanding regarding FASD. The results showed that though they are well versed with the basics of FASD, these health group professionals reveal weaknesses in some important areas. One of these is the lack of knowledge on some core diagnosis and treatment of FASD. It was then concluded that more efforts must be done to further increase the awareness of the public to the facts of alcoholism (Brimacombe, 2008).If alcohol has a severe effect on humans, then it is safe to assume that it would also have a devastating impact on lower creatures such as the brine shrimps. This experiment is designed to illustrate the possible threats of varying concentration of alcohol to Artemia. The alcoholââ¬â¢s effects will be determined by adding varying amounts of it to the culture of unhatched brine shrimp eggs. The eggs and possible young hatchlings from the different treatments will then be manually counted and compared with each other.Taking into consideration prior knowledge and previous studies made, high alcohol content would not be optimum for the brine shrimps to live. The treatment containing the most alcohol would then probably have less or no brine shrimp larvae present compared to those cultures with little or no alcohol in it. II. Methodology Prior to the experiment, the solutions and equipments to be used were prepared. Four Petri dishes, brine solution, 100% alcohol, some toothpicks and a brine shrimp egg solution were placed close by for easy access.The Petri dishes were then marked with numbers ââ¬Å"1â⬠, ââ¬Å"2â⬠, ââ¬Å"3â⬠and ââ¬Å"4â⬠. A volume of 10 mL of brine solution was then added to each Petri dish. In the Petri dish labeled ââ¬Å"1â ⬠, 0. 1 mL of alcohol was added and mixed. In the same manner, 0. 25 mL of alcohol was added to Petri dish ââ¬Å"2â⬠and 0. 5 mL of it to Petri dish ââ¬Å"3â⬠. No alcohol was added to Petri dish ââ¬Å"4â⬠, as this is be used as the control system. A clean toothpick was then taken, wetting it by dipping it in a brine solution first, and then in the container with brine shrimp eggs.The eggs were then transferred to Petri dish ââ¬Å"1â⬠by slowly stirring the toothpick in the brine solution contained in the Petri dish until all eggs are dislodged from the toothpick. A new toothpick is then used to transfer eggs in the same manner to Petri dishes ââ¬Å"2â⬠, ââ¬Å"3â⬠and ââ¬Å"4â⬠, using a fresh toothpick for each Petri dish. The eggs were allowed to sit for a week and then they were observed. The eggs and larvae were counted using a toothpick and viewed with a microscope. The data were then recorded and compared. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-33236441418785625652020-01-10T23:06:00.001-08:002020-01-10T23:06:06.835-08:00Electronic Medical RecordsElectronic Medical Records Essay Cynthia Jones Grand Canyon University: HCA 450 November 11, 2012 Electronic Medical Records Essay Medical record keeping has change in the last couple of decades. In the past patients records were kept in a file on paper taking up excessive room. In the past, paper charts were the only means of keeping a patientââ¬â¢s medical diagnoses documented. Some of these charts are still used today in healthcare facilities, however they are slowly being replaced with a more advance method; electronic medical records (EMRââ¬â¢s).This virtual dataââ¬âinformation center can serve as a vehicle to promote and to disseminate standardized data definitions and best practices to providers, consumers, and others interested in quality improvement efforts nationally and internationally (Varkey, 2010). The Electronic Medical Records is an advance computerizes medical record system that delivers medical data for physicianââ¬â¢s office and hospitals within a matt er of seconds while offering care. This system allows the healthcare staff and physicians to modified, store and retrieves patientââ¬â¢s medical records.Electronic medical records are legible and organized. The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) has been around since the late 1960ââ¬Ës, when Larry Weed introduced the concept of the Problem Oriented Medical Record into medical practice (NASBHC, 2012). Weeds innovation introduces the concept of the Problem Oriented Medical Record into the medical practice, which verifies the diagnosis (NASBHC, 2012). However, it wasnââ¬â¢t until 1972 when the Regenstreif Institute developed the first medical records system. Although it was a great invention, physicians didnââ¬â¢t seek to use it right away.This new system would help physicians improve patients care. Although, $19 billion in stimulus funds have been invested into the Electronic health record (EHRs) another name for EMRs; the Obama administration highly suggested that health car e and hospitals facilities start to digitize patient data and start making better use of the advance technology(Greenemeier, 2010). The health care industry has been slow to adapt to this new system. Although the EMR system is intended to make patients records more accessible for the physicians and staff, still many have not implemented it yet.Given the lack of EMR adoption throughout the health care industry, less than 10 percent of U. S. hospitals have adopted electronic medical records. Cost is the primary reason many have resisted or are unwilling to adopt the EMR system and shortage on staff as well. In a recent interview on November 9, Jessica in human resource at Vineville Internal Medicine, with Dr. Mary Bell Vaughn presiding as the physician over the practice. The practice has been using electronic medical records systems since the practice open in 2002. Dr.Vaughn thought patients and staff needed easy access to their records when needed. Some of her other reasons are as fo llow: â⬠¢ Paperless, Less storage â⬠¢ No physician running around ( Patient info available at finger tips) â⬠¢ Saves time spent with patient â⬠¢ Good for tracking information â⬠¢ Financial Good This system is web based and uses an E-Clinical program through a portal. This system also allows prescriptions to be sent to the local pharmacy as well. Blood work results are also put into the patients charts as well.Recently, the practice took on new patients with paper charts, because their physician retired. In this cause their most recent charts were converted over to EMRs. However those paper charts still exist in a small storage area if further information is needed on the patient. Though the practice implements the EMRs system from the very beginning, the physician and staff are very happy with the system. Most patient information is put into the system via computer on the spot while the patient is telling the nurse or physician what is ailing them.Although there system is a web based system, it has two backup systems in two different locations just in case the systems go down or power outage. The EMR system has had great quality impact on the practice. The patients care has been improve by the system. It allows the physician to track and effectively treat the patient. In some cases if the patient is located at another healthcare facility this system allows them to send information to multiply people for care, no matter where they are. Dr.Vaughnââ¬â¢s practice is already looking into the future to implement sending out text message to patients to inform them of appointments. Patients have access to their care anytime. EMR adoption is slow to be implemented into some practices. Although there is some disapproval of the electronic medical records today, it is merely a digitized version of paper chart. This system will reduce medical errors and help put information in front of researchers This new form of technology is here to stay and the s ooner healthcare facilities start using it the more efficient results they will receive.References Prathibha Varkey (2010). Medical Quality Management, Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. History of the Electronic Medical Record system (2012) Retrieved November 8, 2012 www. nasbhc. org Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care? (2009) Retrieved November 8 2012 http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=electronic-health-records Electronic Medical Records Engineering Management Field Project Electronic Medical Records: A Case Study to Improve Patient Safety at Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital By Annie Bittaye Spring Semester, 2009 An EMGT Field Project report submitted to the Engineering Management Program and the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University ofK. ansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master's of Science )= â⬠¢ , , Tom Bowlin Cotntnittee Member ââ¬Ë~k Committee Member Date accepted: _ _&-4ââ¬â_':'â⬠/~,,,,,,â⬠1_-. -Q:;,,.. r5cââ¬â-_ _ Table of ContentsTable of Contents â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 2 List of Figures â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â ¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 3 List of Tables â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 3 Acknowledgmentsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Executive Summary â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 5 1. 1. 1. 2. 3. 3. 1. 3. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 1. 4. 2. 5. 6. 7. Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 Background of Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 7 Literature Review â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 0 Procedure and Methodology â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 17 Exp erimental Design â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 17 Survey Procedure â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 18 Data Analysis â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 9 Limitations of the study â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 19 Resultsâ⠬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 20 Reasons why EMR is not being used at RVTH â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 23 Benefits and challenges of EMRâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 24 Summaryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 0 Conclusion â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã ¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 30 Suggestions for Additional Work â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 32 References â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 34 Glossary â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 5 Appendix â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 36 2 List of Figures Figure 1: Sources of funding, RVTH 2008 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 22 Figure 2: Averages ofEMR functions in order of relevance to work at RVTH â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 29 List of Tables Table 1: Number of patients seen at RVTH in 2008 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 7 Table 2: List of Professionals, RVTH 2009 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 0 Table 3: Computer ownership and previous computer training received by the respondents at RVTH â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 28 Acknowledgments My journey towards my Master's degree was a long and fruitful one. The Engineering Management (EMGT) program has not just exposed me to much information and ideas but also opened a way towards my career path. Thank you to my parents, Ebrima and Lucy who have always been a source of great inspiration and strength to me. They taught me the value ofeducation and their prayers has always been with me.Thanks to my brother, Baboucar who encouraged me to pursue my Master's degree and the never ending support I receive from him. Special thanks to my six year old son, Ebrima for his understanding that I'm at school when I'm not home to read him a bedtime story. I also want to thank all my EMGT instructors especially Professor Herb Tuttle, Dr Tom Bowlin and Ray Dick who worked with me recently, for the wonderful information and feedback they provided on this project. Thanks to Parveen Mozaffar for her extreme support and encouragement during the course of my studies.Thanks to the staff at Royal Victoria Teaching hospital for providing me with all the needed information for this project. Last but not least, my gratitude goes out to Dr Don Anthony Woods. It is because of his influence that brought me where I am today. He always had my best interest at heart and I want to thank him for that. May God bless you! Executive Summary Most countries in Europe and the USA are increasingly using an electronic medical record (EMR) system to help improve healthcare quality. Unfortunately, The Gambia government faces a series of health crises including but not limited to HIVIAIDS, malaria, diabetes and tuberculosis.These diseases threaten the lives of thousands of people. Lack of infrastructure and trained, experienced staff are considered important barriers to scaling up treatment for these diseases. The contribution of this field proj ect outlines the benefits of an EMR system at Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital (RVTH) and how it will improve patient safety. This is a descriptive study using interview questionnaires from officials at the Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital. The study also looks into other facilities in similar developing countries with advanced systems, but not so advanced as to be at the level of state-of-theà art facilities in the U.S. Results from this study indicates the importance of an EMR system at RVTH to facilitate effective and efficient data collection, data entry, information retrieval and report generation. As a catalyst for development, the implementation of an EMR system at RVTH may make it one on the best hospitals in the West African region. 5 1. Introduction According to Dick and Steen, Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is the compilation of patient medical information in a computer-based format that allows the collection, storage, retrieval, and communication of this data.An electronic medical record replicates a paper chart and contains both clinical information (diagnoses, allergies, drug resistance and treatments) and demographic information about a patient; it provides a comprehensive medical picture and can be used by clinicians as a tool to determine appropriate treatment for patients. EMR is not only being welcomed by healthcare providers as a way to improve care delivery but also serves as a catalyst and gold standard for development (porter, Kohane, & Goldman; Reifsteck, Swanson, & Dallas).Unfortunately, Africa, a continent faced with many challenges ranging from epidemics, civil wars, and disasters, lacks robust healthcare infrastructure in the form of computerized h ealth care systems. For instance, Ghana has one the best health institutions in the region, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. This Hospital, for example, is currently the only institution in the West African sub-region which performs surgery. Due to the quality of outcome, it now receives referrals from most parts of the continent namely the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Togo Benin, Tanzania, Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote d' Ivoire, and Ethiopia.Despite its exemplary performance, the hospital has no computerized information system which can help improve care delivery in the region. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the potential benefits of EMR and its ultimate contribution to improving healthcare delivery development in less developed countries like The Gambia. 6 1. 1. Background of Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital The Gambia is a small country in West Africa, with a population of approximately 1. 5 million. RVTH has been in existence for over 100 years in The Gambia's capita l, Banjul.It used to be called Royal Victoria Hospital until in the late 1990s, when its name was changed to RVTH. The Gambian Government decided that it had to reduce its dependency on foreign doctors by establishing a medical school in the University of The Gambia (UTG). The UTG now uses RVTH to teach its clinical students. In recent years, The Gambia has been doing much on its own initiative to take to improve the healthcare of the nation. There are 540 beds in the hospital and the two largest Departments are Pediatrics and Maternity.The biggest ââ¬Å"killerâ⬠disease in The Gambia is malaria, with young children and pregnant women being particularly vulnerable to this disease. Diabetes, high blood pressure, pneumonia and eye problems such as trachoma and cataracts are also major health problems. The following table provides an estimation of how many patients were seen at RVTH in the year 2008. Procedure Inpatient Admissions Children admitted to Pediatrics Patients treated in the Eye Center Out-Patient Appointments Out-Patients in the ER Number of Patients 25,281 9,352 986 over 184,365 24,334 Table 1: Number of patients seen at RVTH in 2008 7Unfortunately, RVTH does not have any EMR system in place to facilitate patient safety. As noted by participants, ââ¬Å"EMR software is not used at RVTH because administration keeps complaining of money. It looks expensive to them and also they are more used to the paper folderâ⬠. Currently, information is very fragmented and therefore does very little to help patient safety and consistency in care. Another important issue here is that a large number of these patients are illiterates. To ensure they receive the appropriate treatment, they will have to explain to the physician current medications they are taking etc.This can be a very challenging and fatal to the patient sometimes. The typical paper medical record contains sections including information on demographics, admissions, discharge summaries, progre ss notes, protocols, laboratory results, radiology results, surgical and pathology reports, orders for, treatment and nursing notes. Most documentation regarding treatment of a patient is written directly in the patient's medical chart. On a given day a patient arrives at the hospital for care, sign in his name and waits anywhere from 30 minutes to six hours o get their records pulled depending on the day. Physicians, nurses, medical residents who need access the information in the medical record must wait till it's available. Typically, medical records are transported to the outpatient clinic where the patient would be seen, and then returned to storage center to be filed again. It is necessary for the medical record to follow the patient throughout their visit. If the patient was seen in one clinic where orders were written, it was necessary to physically transport the record when the patient moved to the medicine room for treatment. The purpose of this field project is to examine the potential benefits of an EMR system and its ultimate contribution to improving patient safety at the Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital in The Gambia. 9 2. Literature Review The first generation of EMRs was extensions of medical billing systems in large US hospitals. Over the last four decades, they have been used as tools to organize and store medical data. EMRs are widely accepted as important tools to support high quality health care in the US, Europe and other developed countries.Evidence shows that using EMRs that include decision support systems improves quality of care and both reduce medical errors and unnecessary medical investigations (Partners in Health), Experience with the use of EMRs in developing countries, if available, is much more limited than it is in the US and Europe. Now there is considerable interest in using medical information systems to support the treatment of HIV and TB in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. In most African countries, healthcare informati on systems have been driven mainly by the need to report aggregate statistics for government or funding agencies.Such data collection can be performed with simple paper forms at the clinic level, with all electronic data entry done centrally, but that approach tends to be difficult and timeà consuming and may provide little or no feedback to the staff collecting data. Individual patient data that are collected and accessible at the point of care can support clinical management. Clinicians can easily access previous records, and simple tools can be incorporated to warn of potential problems such as incompatible drugs.Physicians or nurses can check on the outcomes of individuals or groups of patients and perform research studies. Many of these functions will work well on paper or with simple spreadsheets for up to 100 patients but become very time-consuming and potentially unreliable with more than 1,000 records, and virtually impossible with 10,000 or more. 10 Experience with the use ofEMRs in developing countries is much more limited than it is in the US and Europe, but there is now considerable interest in using medical information systems to support the treatment of HIV and TB in Africa.Some examples of EMR use in Africa include: â⬠¢ The Regenstrief Institute in collaboration with Moi University in Kenya developed an EMR for general patient visits to clinics in western Kenya. This system was subsequently modified to support the care of several thousand HIV patients. â⬠¢ Baobab Health Partnership in Malawi has developed an EMR system using innovative, low-power touch-screen PCs for data entry and display. This system is now used to support the care of more than 7,000 HIV patients in the Lighthouse clinic in Lilongwe and has been chosen by the national HIV program for use throughout the country. [emailà protected], an HIV medical information system developed for US patients, has now been deployed in Uganda and is planned for use in other African c ountries and in Latin America. (Partners In Health) A wide-ranging literature review of electronic medical record implementation over the past decade reveals that clinical, workflow, administrative, and revenue enhancement benefits of the EMR outweigh barriers and challenges. Among other key efforts, organizations must train and motivate users to navigate EMR systems, as well as develop a common structured language.Clinicians who used CPRs found that electronic 11 access to clinical infonnation saves time and provides a thorough and efficient way to manage patient information To reap the full benefits of an EMR, organizations must redesign current workflows and practices to evolve into efficient providers of care. EMR systems are developed to meet the following goals: improve quality of care, reduce organizational expense, and produce a data stream for electronic billing. (Dassenko and Slowinski).The EMR meets these goals through workflow automation, connectivity, and data mining. ( Gaillour) The Computer-based Patient Record Institute's (CPRI) definition concurred with the other researchers, but added that the EMR provides protection of patient and provider confidentiality, has a defined vocabulary and standardized coding, produces documentation as a by-product of patient care, connects local and remote systems and provides electronic support for secondary users (payers, policymakers, researchers). Fromberg and Arnatayakul) Unfortunately, most EMR systems are unable to offer all of the components defined by the CPRI because â⬠the technology is too complex and too expensive, doctors won't use computers, and standards don't exist. ââ¬Å"(Gaillour) The advantages associated with implementing EMRs are well documented and are straightforward. The difficulty comes with placing a dollar figure to these advantages; consequently, few organizations have published studies describing the actual costs and benefits attained from implementing EMRs. Bingham) The benefit s associated with CPRs are organized into four categories: clinical, workflow, administrative, and revenue enhancement. Renner, states that measuring all the benefits associated with EMRs is 12 virtually impossible, and that it is probably safe to select those that can make the greatest financial difference, and incorporate them into a financial model.Clinical benefits seen after implementing an EMR include: better access to the chart, improved clinical decision making and disease management, enhanced documentation, simplified patient education, and increased free time to spend with patients, accompanied by improved perception of care and quality of work life. These benefits ultimately result in better delivery ofpatient care and safety. Despite all of these benefits, EMRs are not a standard in today's healthcare systems. It is evident that EMR technology is still a hot topic for discussion when browsing through current healthcare technology and management journals.The following bar riers have kept healthcare leaders discussing EMR technology instead of adopting it: cost, leadership, ROI, vendors keeping up with users' needs, and deficits in the following categories: public policy, standards, security, and a true definition. First of all, cost has kept organizations from implementing EMR systems. These costs can be organized into the following categories: software, hardware, infrastructure development and maintenance, implementation, education, planning, and administration.Software costs include development or purchase, maintenance, and upgrades over time, while hardware costs include purchase of workstations. (Mohr) Infrastructure development and maintenance costs include servers, interfaces, workstations, network cables, network maintenance, and help desk operations. Planning costs include development of an implementation plan, identifying measurable outcomes, and choosing meaningful metrics and goals, while implementation costs include training, overtime 13 ssociated with entering patient data, business disruption during transition, employee resistance to change, and lost productivity. Drazen, suggested that leadership was probably a more significant barrier than cost because, in the past, healthcare leaders have raised capital for essential business initiatives such as major building programs, acquiring a physician network, or starting up a managed care organization. This amount of capital is on the same scale as an EMR. Next, Drazen stated that a lack of government support is a major issue holding up EMR implementation.Unfortunately, the federal government does not contribute fmancially to EMR implementation projects. Without standards and structured data definitions, computer systems are not guaranteed to interface easily with each other, and databases are not easily developed. Most individual departments within a healthcare system have already invested in computerized patient information systems; however, these systems are isolated and do not communicate well with one another. Getting these systems to interface is one challenge facing EMRs. Data security continues to be an ongoing challenge.Bergman, found that politicians, consumer advocates, and the general public have voiced concerns about risks to the privacy and confidentiality of patient information. However, when compared with the security of the paper chart, the EMR's electronic audit trails and passwords actually improves internal security. The EMR may be more secure for internal breeches of confidentiality, but must also be protected from external breeches such as hackers, who could potentially enter the EMR from an off-site location and download volumes of 4 confidential information. Firewalls and encryption software are methods used to protect patient data from these violators. Clinicians who use EMRs recognize two benefits: First, electronic access to clinical information saves time. Second, electronic access provides a thorough and efficient way to manage patient information. With EMR systems, comprehensive information can be located and presented in a way that is relevant to the task at hand. Dassengko and Slowinski) The obstacles identified have thus far been insurmountable, but the considerable achievements identified in the benefits section of this discussion suggest that the advantages are well worth the effort. As Lenhart et al state, ââ¬Å"Success comes at the price of considerable effort, persistence and optimism, as well as dedicated leadership. â⬠(p. 114) some organizations that invested in early EMR systems are struggling to show the qualitative benefits promised by vendors because an electronic version of current work processes is not cost effective. Sandrick) ââ¬Å"If the ROI were a function of the information tool itself, the financial benefits would be experienced universally. â⬠(ROI: The White Paper. A Business Case for Electronic Medical Records) To get the most value out of an EMR, healthcare organizations must reengineer the following work processes to make full use of the system: Healthcare organizations must first train and motivate their users on how to navigate and operate the EMR tools. To optimally use the EMR, it must be implemented from registration through billing, thus allowing the organization to realize full potential benefits across the delivery system.These benefits include clear, concise, and comprehensive documentation, greater efficiency, care consistent with best practice guidelines and improved claims processing. 15 It is difficult to measure the economic value associated with less tangible benefits such as higher quality of care, patient service, provider and employee satisfaction, and competitive advantage. It is even more difficult to allocate necessary resources and commit to institutional change when the paper chart is ââ¬Å"getting the job done,â⬠even if it is not in the most efficient style.However, Carlon, suggests that all providers s hould embmce the EMR to deliver safe medical care. The information in the EMR can reduce medical errors to avoid dangerous, sometimes lethal, mistakes. If organizations can't show that EMRs have a positive ROI, they may decide that the EMR is just another expense of running a business. The expense is to improve patient safety and reduce medical errors. This review of literature emphasizes that the use of EMR systems contributes to the ultimate goal of delivering effective care while improving patient safety. 16 3.Procedure and Methodology The study is an exploratory study conducted in Banjul, The Gambia, to examine the potential benefits ofEMR and its contribution to improving patient safety. For the most part, this study is descriptive and categorized as a non-experimental qualitative study. Initial contacts were made with the Chief Medical Director, Development Officer and the Head of Medical Records at the RVTH to solicit participants for the study. 3. 1. Experimental Design Surv ey approach was used to gather data from healthcare professionals who are considered potential users of EMR.Copies of the questionnaires were sent through e-mail to participants. A total of 50 surveys containing 15 questions were sent out and 30 of them were returned. The content of the survey designed was open-ended questions based on the following areas: knowledge of EMR, benefits and challenges of EMR, transition from paper-based system to EMR, security issues associated with EMR use and assistance given to developing countries by developed nations to implement or use EMR. Other areas include, demographic details of respondents based on profession, length of practice, age and sex.The survey questions can be found in the Appendix. Participants were selected based on their level of healthcare training. The population set for the study was healthcare professionals from the RVTH, which includes physician consultants, surgeons, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, pathologists, radiologists , and laboratory technicians. Study participants were limited to these previously mentioned health professionals, since they would be the principle users of an EMRsystem. 17 RVTH has a total population of about 500 professionals and a sample size of 50 was chosen for the study.Since this was the first time such a study was being conducted in the country, there was limited knowledge of professionals on the subject as well as difficulty in getting volunteers to participate. 3. 2. Survey Procedure Survey questionnaires were converted into a PDF file and mailed electronically to all 50 participants on February 2, 2009. Unfortunately, five medical professionals who were initially contacted to participate in the study later declined to take part due to lack of understanding of the survey questions. As a result, different participants were contacted to replace the five individuals to make up the sample size.Since the researcher could not travel to Gambia to facilitate the survey, one of th e administrative officers at the hospital was contacted and helped to distribute hard copies of the questionnaire to all participants. Participants were requested to fill out the attached survey and return it in a sealed envelope to this person or the chief administrator. After three weeks, on February 23, 2009, a first reminder was mailed asking for their cooperation and the importance of returning the survey. A final reminder was sent out on March 9, 2009, to those who might have forgotten to return the survey. 8 3. 3. Data Analysis The 30 completed surveys were coded, sorted, and organized into themes. A spreadsheet was created in MS-Excel to enter all data for analysis. All responses were placed into themes and summarized. The survey responses and themes generated were used to determine result interpretation, recommendation, and future research direction. Despite initial difficulties to get volunteers to participate in the study, 30 out of the 50 surveys mailed were returned on March 16,2009, thus representing 60% response rate. 3. 4. Limitations of the studyDue to the difficulty of getting other hospitals in the area involved, the study was limited to RVTH only_ The findings represent views ofthat hospital alone. However, the research would have been more interesting and challenging if more professionals from other hospitals were involved in the study. Secondly, due to cost of air travel between the United States and Gambia, the researcher was not able to travel to Gambia to collect the necessary data for the study. The inability of participants to respond to some important questions on the survey skewed the data.Finally, due to the six hour time difference between Kansas and Gambia, it was hard to reach the participants at during business hours. Lack of high speed internet or sometimes no connection at all caused the delay in receiving all the responses on time. It was also really difficult to get people to cooperate because the survey was not on their l ist of priorities. 19 4. Results Based on the methodology, surveys were mailed to 50 participants at the RVTH in Banjul, The Gambia. Thirty completed surveys were received which included 15 questions.The results from all participants are as follows: The 30 respondents consisted of 17 males, 11 females and two people who did not indicate their gender. The age range of the group was 25-56. Table 2 presents the professional distribution of participants. No Response represents people who did not include their profession. The five students, however, included final year medical and dentistry students, as well as nursing, and medical laboratory students. Professional experience ranged between 1 and 20 years.Profession Surgeon Pharmacist Physician Radiologist Midwife Nurse Laboratory Technician Student No Response Total Table 2: List of Professiona is, RVTH 2009 Number 3 2 3 2 5 6 2 5 2 30 20 To analyze this result, key words such as computerized, storage and retrieval, were used to determi ne respondents' understanding of the concept of an EMR system. Subsequently, one-third of respondents (33. 3%) who included these three key words were marked as right. While nine people representing 20% who said it is a mechanism for storing patient medical record on a computer were classified as partially right and approximately half respondents (46. %) who just said the use of machine to keep patient medical data were classified as having an idea or understanding of the system. In addition, implementing and running a successful EMR system requires a number of key elements. Accordingly, 15 people identified technical elements such as (electricity, hardware, software, etc. ), 10 stated patient data, while four said adequate trained personnel, and one person indicated the need for money to train staff on EMR. Also availability of adequate infrastructure such as experts to support and train care providers on EMR is very crucial when implementing EMR system.However, more than half resp ondents agreed that enough infrastructures are not available in Gambia to support EMR implementation. On the other hand, 10 people believed that infrastructures are available, while four said available infrastructures are only few. Despite unavailability of infrastructures, 16 respondents reported there are enough computer experts in Gambia to train healthcare providers to use EMR. Seven reported experts are not available; six stated experts are available but too few to meet the demand and needed training requirement of the healthcare sector.Lastly, one person indicated he has no idea of the subject. Responses concerning how much developed nations are assisting less developed countries like Gambia with Health Information Management (HIM) system infrastructure 21 implementation showed diverse opinions. Nine people said developed countries are helping, 15 responded no. However, six indicated that ââ¬Å"the help given from developed nations are not enough and sometimes electronic devi ces sent to less developed countries like the Gambia are inferior and lack qualityâ⬠.Still others think ââ¬Å"some form of assistance comes in to support the country on information management systems but not much is channeled towards the health sectorâ⬠. Lastly, seven people reported they have no idea ââ¬Å"if developed nations are helpingâ⬠and one person did not respond to this question at all. This pie chart below shows the sources of funding and the amounts received for the year 2008. Sources of Funding 2% â⬠¢ Gambia Government â⬠¢ Patient User Charges â⬠¢ Donation Fund â⬠¢ Internally Generated Fund â⬠¢ Global Fund Severe Malaria in African Children FundFigure 1: Sources of funding, RVTH 2008 22 The majority of funds come from the Gambia Government in the fonn of subvention received monthly or quarterly in advance. However, about 70% of the amount goes towards payment of salaries and allowances to approximately 1,200 staff. Other donations re ceived are in the fonn of drugs, equipment, supplies and services which made considerable contribution to the hospital. (RVTH) 4. 1. Reasons why EMR is not being used at RVTH Paper records are bulky and can take up costly space.Filing, retrieval of files, and the re-filing of paper records are very labor-intensive methods with which to store patient infonnation. Plus if a record is checked out for one department, another department cannot access the chart. The impact of not having immediate access to key infonnation in emergency situations can be serious. Paper medical charts also cannot be effectively searched and used to track, analyze, and/or chart voluminous clinical medical infonnation and processes. They cannot be easily copied or saved off-site.Also physician's orders and the corresponding results such as medications and labs can be issued and saved in a comprehensive EMR system. Our literature review and results have proven that paper records are costly, cumbersome, misinter preted, easily misplaced and cannot be used for any meaningful decision analysis. Unfortunately, RVTH does not have any EMR system in place to improve patient safety. As noted-by participants, ââ¬Å"EMR software is not used at RVTH because administration keeps complaining of the lack of money. It looks expensive to them and also they are more used to the paper folderâ⬠.Nevertheless, four key issues were identified by participants as the main reasons why RVTH does not have an EMR system in use. 23 Overall, 36% of respondents attributed the problem to lack of resources in terms of personnel and infrastructure, 29% blamed it on lack ofleadership initiative and priority. While 18% reported cost in terms of equipment and training personnel, 15%, however, stated lack ofEMR importance or awareness and fear to change. Lastly, 2% respondents did not give any reason. 4. 2. Benefits and challenges of EMR There are both benefits and challenges to EMRs.Many argue that positive aspects of u sing an EMR system outweigh the challenges. Even though the investments in EMR systems are costly, most argue that over time this outset cost will result in greater savmgs. As well as cost saving, many agree that one advantage of EMR system is that they save space. Instead of keeping huge paper files on patients, all records are kept on computer files. Though someone must store these records in computers, this still represents a small percentage ofthe space required to store physical records. Along with saved space is reduction of paper used by hospitals.Although EMR systems do not render paper obsolete, but they certainly do reduce needed paper significantly. Another advantage of electronic medical records is the ability for all in a health care team to coordinate care in terms of monitoring and treating diseases. This helps avoid duplication of testing, prescribing medicines that in combination might be dangerous and the ability for anyone on the medical team to understand the app roaches taken to a condition. A person with complex health issues may see several specialists, and can easily become confused by overlapping or contrary advice.When specialists and primary care doctors use the same system for electronic medical records, then everyone on the team would be aware of all the other team members' actions and recommendations. Electronic medical records may save time as well. Though faxing and email may assist one doctor to get information from another doctor or a laboratory, there is generally a wait time to receive this information. When a doctor has instant access to all of a patient's information, including things like x-rays, lab tests, and information about prescriptions or allergies, he or she is ready to act right away, thus saving time.This may be particularly helpful in emergency situations where a patient cannot answer questions about medical history or allergies due to extreme illness or injury. Generally, doctors are often considered to have th e worst handwriting, though this is just a generalization, unclear writing can lead to misinterpretations and mistakes. Typed notes and prescriptions are more legible and less likely to create misunderstandings. However, electronic medical records do not rule out the occasional typo. One of the main disadvantages to EMR system is that start up costs is enormous.Not only must you buy equipment to record and store patient charts (much more expensive than paper and file cabinets), but efforts must be taken to convert all charts to electronic form. Patients may be in the transitional stage where old records haven't yet been converted and doctors don't always know this. Further, training on EMR software adds additional expense in paying people to take training, and in paying trainers to teach practitioners. In fact, one concern about the use of electronic medical records is that doctors may have a significant learning curve when these programs are first implemented.A poor 25 typist may a ctually take a long time to input information. Doctors often have to be their own medical clerks especially during an office visit, and a doctor distracted by confusing technology may not be as alert to a patient's symptoms or needs. There is no single electronic medical records source or system, so different hospitals and individual clinicians may not all be using the same program. This negates the possibility of instant information for all on the medical team, since one program may not communicate with another.Another concern is that electronic medical record systems might be hacked and exploited by others. Since one of the first considerations of medical treatment is confidentiality, it may remain a concern about how many people may have access to other medical records which they are not authorized to do so. Misuse of private medical information could create problems for people who have conditions they wish to keep private. Despite these concerns, it appears many hospitals are no w attempting to use EMR systems.It remains unclear how long it will take for hospitals to transition completely from the traditional paper-based systems to a complete paperless environment. As shown from the survey results, it is clear that many participants believe that implementation ofEMR will tremendously improve upon patient in the country. For instance, as noted by one respondent, ââ¬Å"availability of patient past history in electronic format will enable health care workers have information about patients in seconds and with ease which will facilitate quick diagnosis and treatment hence reducing the rate of mortality. 26There is always some level of fear and resistance to change, especially in the healthcare industry. A question concerning the level of acceptability from the traditional paper-based system to EMR system shows that such change will be met with some difficulties. More than half of respondents said the process would be challenging initially, but eventually care providers will accept the system because it will improve patient safety and work performance. Although the majority may still prefer the paper-based system, ââ¬Å"they will change when they see the importance or need for EMRâ⬠stated a participant.Others also believe it would be a ââ¬Å"welcome ideaâ⬠. The adequate protection of patient health record requires limitations at all levels, such as: collection, use, access, and disclosure. Therefore, development of privacy, confidentiality, and security principles is necessary to protect patients' interests against inappropriate access to their health data. Unfortunately, 14 respondents (47%) did not respond to this important question regarding measures necessary to maintain patients' privacy, security, and confidentiality at RVTH.However, 16 people representing (53%), did state that all health records must be securely protected by use of password, data encryption, and access restrictions to users. It is obvious from the surv ey results that effective implementation and utilization ofEMR can improve patient safety in developing countries. Considering training as one of the key elements to EMR success, a question was asked to determine length of time required to train care providers in Gambia on EMR.Almost 50% of respondents indicated it might take 6-18 months depending on ââ¬Å"practitioners' ability to understand the concepts ofEMR as well as the user friendliness of the softwareâ⬠. Others believe ââ¬Å"for 27 current medical students who are already computer literate may take about two weeks, but the older practitioners will take longer time (approximately over a year)â⬠. Table 3, below shows the number of respondents that own a computer or has had some form of computer training in the past. Computer Training Profession Own a Computer 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 I Yes 1 1 1 0 2 3 1 7 16 laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-35604168129599509682020-01-02T19:28:00.001-08:002020-01-02T19:28:03.072-08:00Anabolism and Catabolism Definition and Examples Anabolism and catabolism are the two broad types of biochemical reactions that make up metabolism. Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones. Most people think of metabolism in the context of weight loss and bodybuilding, but metabolic pathways are important for every cell and tissue in an organism. Metabolism is how a cell gets energy and removes waste. Vitamins, minerals, and cofactors aid the reactions. Key Takeaways: Anabolism and Catabolism Anabolism and catabolism are the two broad classes of biochemical reactions that make up metabolism.Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. These chemical reactions require energy.Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. These reactions release energy.Anabolic and catabolic pathways typically work together, with the energy from catabolism providing the energy for anabolism. Anabolism Definition Anabolism or biosynthesis is the set of biochemical reactions that construct molecules from smaller components. Anabolic reactions are endergonic, meaning they require an input of energy to progress and are not spontaneous. Typically, anabolic and catabolic reactions are coupled, with catabolism providing the activation energy for anabolism. The hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) powers many anabolic processes. In general, condensation and reduction reactions are the mechanism behind anabolism. Anabolism Examples Anabolic reactions are those which build complex molecules from simple ones. Cells used these processes to make polymers, grow tissues, and repair damage. For example: Glycerol reacts with fatty acids to make lipids:CH2OHCH(OH)CH2OH C17H35COOHà à ââ âà à CH2OHCH(OH)CH2OOCC17H35à Simple sugars combine to form disaccharides and water:C6H12O6à C6H12O6à à à ââ âà à C12H22O11à H2OAmino acids join together to form dipeptides:NH2CHRCOOH NH2CHRCOOHà ââ âà à NH2CHRCONHCHRCOOH H2Oà Carbon dioxide and water react to form glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis:6CO2à 6H2Oà à ââ âà à C6H12O6à 6O2 Anabolic hormones stimulate anabolic processes. Examples of anabolic hormones include insulin, which promotes glucose absorption, and anabolic steroids, which stimulate muscle growth. Anabolic exercise is anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting, which also builds muscle strength and mass. Catabolism Definition Catabolism is the set of biochemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic processes are thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous, so cells use them to generate energy or to fuel anabolism. Catabolism is exergonic, meaning it releases heat and works via hydrolysis and oxidation. Cells can store useful raw materials in complex molecules, use catabolism to break them down, and recover the smaller molecules to build new products. For example, catabolism of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides generates amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides, respectively. Sometimes waste products are generated, including carbon dioxide, urea, ammonia, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Catabolism Examples Catabolic processes are the reverse of anabolic processes. They are used to generate energy for anabolism, release small molecules for other purposes, detoxify chemicals, and regulate metabolic pathways. For example: During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide and waterC6H12O6à 6O2à à ââ âà à 6CO2à 6H2OIn cells, hydroxide peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen:2H2O2à à ââ âà à 2H2O O2 Many hormones act as signals to control catabolism. The catabolic hormones include adrenaline, glucagon, cortisol, melatonin, hypocretin, and cytokines. Catabolic exercise is aerobic exercise, such as a cardio workout, which burns calories as fat (or muscle) is broken down. Amphibolic Pathways A metabolic pathway that can be either catabolic or anabolic, depending on energy availability, is called an amphibolic pathway. The glyoxylate cycle and the citric acid cycle are examples of amphibolic pathways. These cycles can either produce energy or use it, depending on cellular needs. Sources Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Julian, Lewis; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th ed.). CRC Press.de Bolster, M. W. G. (1997). Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert; Gatto, Gregory J. (2012). Biochemistry (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9781429229364.Nicholls D. G. and Ferguson S. J. (2002) Bioenergetics (3rd Ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-518121-3.Ramsey K. M., Marcheva B., Kohsaka A., Bass J. (2007). The clockwork of metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 27: 219ââ¬â40. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093546 laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-71024903492146708072019-12-25T15:55:00.001-08:002019-12-25T15:55:02.360-08:00The Nuiances of Reflection Essay for English Class The Nuiances of Reflection Essay for English Class Reflection Essay for English Class Ideas Sometimes you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. 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Starting over was painful but a lot of the time it was really well worth it. Begin a poem in the manner in which you're most comfortable with. It's this very reason religion plays an important role in influencing entire families. The truth is that no matter in which you turn, religion is a significant portion of culture and influences everyone on some level. On the flip side, there is not any denying that religions still play a valued role for the majority of people on Earth. Though there are lots of religions which are still practiced in the planet, it is crucial to find out what role they play in culture and thinking. With teachings like the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, individuals can start to find out what truly matters in their very own dai ly lives. If you're likely to use words to make certain that the public will have the ability to match the kind of your paper. 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Writing in French is exactly like any sort of writing. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-76762416106794240932019-12-17T11:44:00.001-08:002019-12-17T11:44:03.600-08:00McDonalds Ethical Responsibility - 1358 Words McDonaldââ¬â¢s: Ethical Responsibility Small business owners of fortune 500 companies, democrats, republicans, men and women all have ethical responsibilities that should always be considered. Mc Donaldââ¬â¢s is a well-known restaurant around the world. Some people enjoy this fast food restaurant and also have made Mc Donaldââ¬â¢s one of the leading fast food companies. Although, Mc Donald may have some tasty food, there are still many critics that think Mc Donaldââ¬â¢s may have a lot of ethical issues and company violations. Some consider being ethical is simply defined as knowing the difference between what is considered good and evil. However, ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a personââ¬â¢s or groupââ¬â¢s behavior, and the practices thatâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Seeing that Mc Donaldââ¬â¢s operation was moving fast and effective, the soon to be franchisee, Ray Kroc, wanted in. McDonaldââ¬â¢s met with Ray Kroc and as a salesman he sold milk shake mixers and offered him a dream of opening a McDonaldââ¬â¢s. After agreeing to allow Mr. Kroc to open more franchises in different locations, the rest was history. The Ray Kroc Story states that, ââ¬Å"Ray Kroc wanted to build a restaurant system that would be famous for food of consistently high quality and uniform methods of preparation. He wanted to serve burgers, buns, fries and beverages that tasted just the same in Alaska as they did in Alabama (Kroc, 2009).â⬠Ethics Issues: McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation has been growing and spreading internationally for the past three decades. Although McDonaldââ¬â¢s seems convenient, cheap and clean, there are many negative aspects of the business. McDonaldââ¬â¢s has a long history of terrible labor practices. Employees working for McDonalds are usually forced to work for low pay and long hours with little to no benefits, employees who work on major holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas are not paid overtime. Unfair wages is a widespread problem for McDonaldââ¬â¢s workers year-round. The work environment is usually unsanitary and unhealthy for employees and negatively impacting other cultures, the unethical practices of this large fast food corporation are known but do not seem to detract from theShow MoreRelatedCsr Mcdonalds1534 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and socially responsible business practice? Discuss with reference to case studies of your choi ce (1200-1500 words). 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Since then, it has been a growing success in the food and drink industry, directly and indirectly employing over 200,000 people throughout Canada. (McDonaldââ¬â¢s, 2015, para. 2). McDonaldââ¬â¢s is generating nearly $4.5 billion in the local annualRead MoreEthical Issues Facing McDonalds1772 Words à |à 7 PagesProblem/Issue Identification Ethical Issues Facing McDonalds McDonalds puts in a lot of effort in supporting children with severe diseases. However, the diet this company offers contributes to heart diseases, asthma, obesity, and likely even mad cow disease. Adults and children are getting the wrong message in the society today. For instance, around 59 of 250 hospitals house fast food restaurants. Expenditure on fast foods from McDonalds has been on the rise as years pass by. The company has beenRead MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words à |à 6 PagesII (A). INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING MCDONALDS Due to globalization and increased competition in the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonaldââ¬â¢s. There are various internal and external environmental factors affecting the functions of McDonaldââ¬â¢s corporation and demands for new innovations. The factors are as follows: Internal Factors: Internal factors are the factors within the company, which affects the success and operation of business. The company canRead MoreOPM 300 Module 1 Session Long Project Essay637 Words à |à 3 PagesLong Project Dr. Tu For the session long project, I will analyze one of the supply chain operations the McDonalds Corporation. I will discuss how the logistic operations enable the same quality in service no matter which restaurant you go to; and how that leads to the business strategy of this company. Ray Kroc, the founder and owner of McDonalds, once stated once stated that ââ¬Å"He wanted to serve burgers, buns, fries and beverages that tasted just the same in Alaska as theyRead MoreMcDonald, unethical marketing?821 Words à |à 4 PagesMcDonald is the largest leading multinational fast food restaurant with more than 33000 food chains worldwide in 119 countries, serving 68 millions of customers daily. Despite McDonaldââ¬â¢s prevalent brand name under globalization, many of its marketing strategies are come into question in terms of ethnicity. 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Human safety from McDonaldââ¬â¢s items include the USDA approved food standards, as well as each other countryââ¬â¢s nationally laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-62693953003954650012019-12-09T08:27:00.001-08:002019-12-09T08:27:05.596-08:00How to Prepare Performance Report of a Company Questions: Task 11. Prepare a performance report for the two companies for consideration by the directors of Chelsea Plc indicating which of the two companies you consider to be abetter acquisition, the directors require an analysis of these ratios and explanation2. Indicate what other information is needed before a final decision can be madeTask 21) Calculate the annual cash flows for each of the five years.2) Using the investment appraisal methods calculate the ARR, Payback, NPV and IRR 3) Advise the client on whether this project should be accepted or rejected based on methods used above.Task 31. You are required to prepare a cash budget for the four months August to November 2014. The opening cash balance at 1 August 2014 is 15,400.2. Budgeting is one of the areas that the management are keen to improve on, could you provide an explanation of why budgeting is beneficial to a business and whatcan be done to enhance the budgeting process? Answers: Solution to the Required Task 1 1. Chelsea Plc is considering two companies Kensington (K) and Wimbledon (W) as the target companies which we are required to compare and advice which one is the better target for acquisition. There is certain profitability, activity and liquidity ratios are given for both the companies as well as the industry standards, we need to analyze all such ratios and conclude the decision. Let us discuss and analyze each ratios one by one (Bodie, et al, 2011). Return on Capital Employed is computed by dividing the net operating profit with the employed capital. It denotes the profit earned for each of capital employed in the company. The more the profits for the company the better it is so the higher the ROCE ratio the better it is for the company. Here the industry average given for this ratio is 20 whereas the W (28) has higher of this ratio from both industry as well as of Ks (22) (Burns and Morris, 2014). Therefore both the company is better off but W is more profitable. (Return On Capital Employed) Return on equity is a profitability ratio from the investors point of view since it is the ratio of the net income earned from the shareholders fund. It reflects the efficiency of the company to use the shareholders money and earn profit from it. In this ratio also W has higher ratio then both K and Industry thus it is in better position (Cao, 2011). Acquiring W will help Chelsea gain more confidence from investors since they will have sense of security that there fund is utilized in creating shareholders wealth and not destroying it. (Return on equity ratio) Gross profit and Net Profit ratios are the ratios computed by dividing the respective profits by the sales. This ratio reflects the percentage of profit earned on certain level of sales. Here in the given case study gross and net profit ratio of K is better than industrys average but of W is worst which denotes that profitability of W is lower when compared to that of K. It may be due to mismanagement or unnecessary expenditures which can be corrected by Chelsea after acquisition. Therefore we can say that analyzing the profitability ratios Wimbledon is better target firm. (Gross Profit Ratio) (Net Profit Ratio) Total Asset Turnover ratio indicates Net sales divided by average total assets. The higher ratio is preferable since it indicates that company is efficiently using its assets to generate sales. Here also W is better off from K as well as from the industry standards. Non-current asset ratio is similar only difference being here only the fixed assets is considered and not the total assets. This denotes how efficiently the company is utilizing its fixed asset in generating income for the financers. W has a ratio of 12 whereas Industry and K has 5.1 and 2.3 respectively (Cherneva, 2012). Thus in both the above ratios W is surpassing all other comparisons. (Asset turnover ratio) (Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio) Receivables collection period are the credit period allowed to debtors. The time period it takes to realize the sales amount in cash is known as receivable collection period. This period is preferred to be lower since the faster the collection is made the sooner the cash can be rolled back into the operating cycle. Here as per the given data W has the lowest collection period and thus it is preferable. (Accounts receivable Collection Period) Inventory holding period is the period which is required to sell the product to the consumers kept in stock. Like receivable collection period lower inventory holding period will shorten the days to complete one operating cycle and thus will allow Company grab more opportunities (Clift, 2011). Here also the holding period of W is lowest and thus it is in better position. (Average age of Inventory) In all the liquidity ratios such as current ratio, acid test ratio and debt equity ratio which is considered lower the better W is in better position thus we conclude that in almost all the ratios W is a better acquisition target. (Current Ratio) These ratios help us to analyze how the various areas are being covered under the ratios and how the decisions can be based on that ratios. Such as debt equity ratios helps us to measure the amount that the company uses as debt for financing the capital and the debt burden also for the company. The various other ratios shows how the company is liquid enough t pay off the debts and the liquidity structure of the company. The ROCE and ROE is one of the valuable measurements to measure the companys profitability ratio. By calculating the ROCE for both the companies W and K, it has been observed that the ROCE of W Company is 28 and the ROCE of K Company is 22 (Zhang et al., 2011). This shows that the profitability ratio of W Company is more than the K Company. So, acquiring W will be better for Chelsea to earn more profit from the market. The ROE of W Company is much better than K Company, so it would be better to acquire W by Chelsea Plc. So the Chelsea Plc Company should acquire the W Company to earn huge amounts of profit from market. If the company had more profitability ratio then the observation reflects that the company has more equity value as compared with the debt value of the company. It has been also found that the average borrowing rate is much less for the W Company (Glantz, 2014). So, the management of Chelsea Plc Company should merge with the W Company. 2. Final Decision cannot make only based on some ratios. Certain other aspects should be considering before deciding. These are as following in nature: Shares issued by the company Numbers of shares that are issues by the company to generate the funds for the operational activities of the company are mainly base on the final decision making strategies of the organization. Acquisition activities of the company Acquisition of a new or popular product in the company is also primary factors that are required to be considering during the final decision taken by the organization. The acquisition activities of the company are mainly base on the decision-making criteria of the particular organization. Research Activities Researches of several articles by independent analysts are also required and essential for the decision-making strategies of the organization are mainly base on the certain activities of the company is support the organization to take beneficial decision about the company. Borrowings of the company There are several debt amount which is taken by the company which is required to be settle after acquisition activity of company which is mainly based on the capabilities of the organization to fulfilled their organizational obligations which is based on the financial capabilities of the organization. Legal Obligations The legal obligations that are mainly base on the several activities of the company as per the pending legal obligations of the company. Moreover, those are required to sort out the company rules and policies measured by the company. There are certain value addition activities which are required for the decision making activities of the organization which is based on the maintaining the goodwill of the company. Human Resource Activities The decision-making activities of the company that is mainly based on the expenditures and the employees retrenchment activities that are mainly base on the certain activities of the organization as per the compatibility of the product line of the organization. Product price affordability The products price affordability of the company is base on the different purpose of the company decision-making activities of the organization. The decision-making strategies of the organization are mainly base on the several strategies follow by the organization. Mode of Payment The decision-making strategies of the company are mainly base on the several essential activities of the organization for choosing the proper mode of payment of the organization. this is the one of the most famous decision-making aspects of the organization in compare to the others aspects of the organization. Work Culture Environment The objectives behind the research on the work culture of the company are mainly base on the organizational decision and which is base on the certain activities of the company. The company is mainly depends upon the certain activities of the cultural factors of the company. Merger Activities The earnings after merger should evaluate to decide acquisition of the company is mainly support the company to take essential decisions about the organization about their financial and operational activities of the company (Gowthorpe, 2011). Task 2 1. As per the research of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd. Company can provide some standard service which has been recently developed by them. For the service provision it requires special machinery which costs 100,000 with a residual value of 20,000 after 5 years. The companys cost of capital is 12% which can set as the benchmark to achieve this target at least to check the projects viability in some of the appraisal methods. We have been asked to prepare the annual cash flows each year given the data of estimated sales in units each year (Guiso and Rustichini, 2011). These cash flows are calculated by multiplying the contribution per unit amount with the units per year given. The following table shows the computation of annual cash flows each year: Annual Cash Flows Particulars Details Years 1 2 3 4 5 Units Sold - 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 Amount (in ) Annual Cash Inflow SP @ 12per unit 60,000 120,000 180,000 180,000 60,000 Annual Cash Outflow VC @ 8 per unit 40,000 80,000 120,000 120,000 40,000 Net Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 2. The company requires us to compute the investment appraisal methods using different methods such as accounting rate of return, payback period, internal rate of return and net present value method. In the accounting rate of return method average accounting profit of all the years involved in the project is computed and then it is divided by the amount of initial investment resulting in a return percentage (Sagner, 2014). It is also called simple rate of return because it is easy to compute and also simple ratio. ARR is used in investment appraisal it helps in deciding whether the project is viable to adopt or not. The following steps show the computation of the ARR. Since this is rate of return therefore higher the return more viable is the project in this method. (Jan, 2013) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Step 1: Computing Annual Depreciation Initial Investment 100000 Salvage Value 20000 No of years 5 Annual Depreciation 16000 Step 2: Computing Average Accounting Profit Years Cash Flows Depreciation Accounting Profit 1 20,000 16,000 4,000 2 40,000 16,000 24,000 3 60,000 16,000 44,000 4 60,000 16,000 44,000 5 20,000 16,000 4,000 Total Accounting Profit 120,000 Salvage Value 20,000 Average Accounting Profit 28,000 Step 3: Computing Accounting Rate of Return Average Accounting Profit (in ) 28000 Initial Investment (in ) 100000 ARR (in %) 28 Particulars Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial Investment (100,000) - - - - - Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Cumulative Cash Flows (100,000) (80,000) (40,000) 20,000 80,000 100,000 Fraction Calculations - n/m n/m 0.66666667 0.33333333 4 Payback Period (in yrs) 2.667 Payback period is the method which determines the time period in which the initial investment can be recovered resulting profits in further years. Here in the mentioned question the company has an initial investment of 100,000 which will be recovered in the next 5 years since the project lifetime is such. The payback period can be computed in many alternate ways but here we have calculated by using the excel formulae (Ramsden, 2011). After dividing the absolute value of the last cumulative negative cash flows with the cash flow of the first positive cumulative cash flows, we have added it to the number of years before the first positive cumulative cash flows (Harris, 2013). The following table shows the payback period computation with the help of excel formulae in the excel sheet. The worksheet has been attached. (Ajay, 2013) There are many investment appraisal methods but Net present value method is very prevalent and commonly used. It includes the effect of time value of money thus making the method more effective and appropriate for decision making. In the project the present values are computed by discounting the cash flows each year. The sum of these present values is subtracted with the initial investment to compute the net present value (Peterson, et al, 2012). If the NPV is positive then the project is viable and if it is negative it is not viable. Sometimes the salvage value is also given that gets realized at the end year of the project, in that case we add up the present value of the salvage value with the cash flows of that year and compute the NPV accordingly (Holton, 2012). The following table shows the computation of the NPV of the given problem with help of excel formulae. (NPV IRR, 2013) Particulars Discounting Rate 12% Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial Investment (100,000) - - - - - Cash Flows - 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Salvage Value - - - - - 20,000 Present Values (100,000) 17,857 31,888 42,707 38,131 22,697 NPV 53,280 Since the NPV is positive in the above calculation thus the project is viable for the company. Internal Rate of Return is the method which compares the inflows and the outflows making it equal. The discounting rate at which the inflow gets equal to outflow is the IRR. The project with the greater IRR should be selected since it is better to have higher IRR. The project is considered viable if the IRR is greater than the hurdle rate. The below table shows the IRR computation using the Excel formulae: (Formulae for calculating IRR in excel) Particulars Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash Flows (100,000) 20,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 20,000 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 27% Since the above IRR is greater than the companys hurdle rate of 12% we consider the project is viable. In the absence of further information we assume the companys cost o capital to be its hurdle rate for the IRR computation. (Formulae for computing NPV in Excel) From the above calculation, it has been observed that the company has invested 100,000 Pound in purchasing a new machine for their manufacturing process. In the first year, the management of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd has a cash inflow around 17,857 Pounds in the first year. In the second year, the management of the firm has received a cash inflow of 31,888 Pounds from the machine installed for the production purpose. In the third year, the company has received around 42,707 Pounds and has a cash inflow of 38,131 Pounds and 22,697 Pounds in the fourth and fifth year respectively. It has been observed from the calculation that the total cash inflow from the machine is 153,280 Pounds in the last five years. The total net present value of the cash inflow is 53,280 Pounds (Media, 2012). As the net present value of the cash flow is positive, the management of the Riverside Motorcycle Components Ltd should invest in the machine to earn more profit. If we compare the NPV, IRR a nd ARR, it has been observed that the NPV is positive; IRR is more than the hurdle rate of the project (IMA., 2012). The ARR value is 28 % which is very healthy foer the investors to get back the money from the investment. It can be stated that the management of the company can invest in the machine. 3. Since as per the above calculations we get that all the methods give a positive indication towards the project thus the project is completely viable. In the ARR the rate of return earned is quite high i.e. 28%. Similarly in payback period method the years computed is 2.67 years for a five year project which is almost half the total time period which is a positive sign. The company will be able to recover its investment soon and invest in some other new project reaping only profits from this project in further years. The NPV and IRR are also giving good appraisal since the NPV is positive with the good margin and the IRR is greater than the double of the hurdle rate. Thus considering all of the above methods we advise the client to accept the project. Task 3 1. The bookkeeper of the Pedrosa Plc has fallen sick and the new staff is inexperienced. Therefore the directors of the company wishes if we can help them in anyways. It requires preparing a cash budget for the period of four months from the period Aug to Nov 14. Some information is provided to us by whom we will have to prepare the budget. There are sales and purchase value for the six months period is given. 40% of the total sales constitute cash sales which are realized immediately whereas 60% of the sales are credit sales with a one month credit period given to the debtors (Kimmel, et al, 2011). Similarly the suppliers also provide 1 month credit period which means this months purchase will be paid in the next month. The depreciation charge of 2,500 per month is non cash expenditure and thus will not be included in the cash budget. The following tables show the cash budget for four months and the appendix attached. Cash Budget For the period Aug '14 to Nov '14 Particulars Details August September October November (in ) (in ) (in ) (in ) Opening Cash balance given for Aug 15,400 37,240 43,390 48,930 Inflows Cash Sales Appendix 1 27,060 24,160 23,400 22,200 Collection from debtors Appendix 1 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 Rent Income Given 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 Total Inflows (A) 90,640 110,990 112,030 115,230 Outflows Payment to Suppliers Appendix 2 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 Wages Appendix 3 18,000 18,000 18,000 19,080 Dividend Given - 16000 - - Payment for Machinery Appendix 4 - - 12,500 6,250 Total Outflows (B) 53,400 67,600 63,100 60,080 Closing Balance (A-B) 37,240 43,390 48,930 55,150 Appendix 1 Sales Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sales Volume given 65,300 67,650 60,400 58,500 55,500 64,600 Cash sales 40% of sales above 26,120 27,060 24,160 23,400 22,200 25,840 Credit Sales 60% of Sales 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 33,300 38,760 Collection From Debtors 1 month credit period - 39,180 40,590 36,240 35,100 33,300 Appendix 2 Purchases Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Purchase Amount given 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 35,650 35,600 Payment to suppliers 1 month credit period - 35,400 33,600 32,600 34,750 35,650 Appendix 3 Wages Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Wages 6% inc. from nov onwards 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 19,080 19,080 Appendix 4 Machinery Months Particulars Details July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Installments Payment 25% in Oct, rest in 6 months (Cost= 50,000) - - - 12,500 6,250 6,250 2. Budgeting is the process of managing and approximating the expenditure and the income. It is a plan prepared for future to keep a balance between the income and expense. Budgeting is also very vital in fulfilling the financial needs of the company as they have the plan at hand ready to work on different situations accordingly. Preparation of budgets such as cash budget, purchase budget, sales budget etc helps in proper evaluation of the companys performance. Any deviation from the budget will alert the management to take necessary actions and work accordingly. (What is Budgeting?) (Nordmeyer) There can be various ways to enhance the budgeting process. Not achieving it alerts the management and makes them pay more heed to such process. Corporate Performance Management (CPM) and Performance Based Budgeting (PBB) are the ways to enhance the budgeting process (Marney and Tarbert, 2011). The cost benefit analysis is significant in this budgeting process. Thus we conclude that for every organization preparing a budget is crucial part in its management process. (Performance Based Budgetting, 2015) Bibliography Accounts receivable Collection Period. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/receivables-collection-period Ajay. (2013, April 4). Calculating Payback period in Excel. Retrieved June 6, 2015, from Techtites: https://techtites.com/calculating-payback-period-in-excel/ Asset turnover ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from my accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/asset-turnover-ratio Average age of Inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/average-age-of-inventory.asp Current Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/current-ratio Debt-Equity Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting courses: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/debt-to-equity-ratio Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fixed-asset-turnover.asp Formulae for calculating IRR in excel. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/022615/what-formula-calculating-internal-rate-return-irr-excel.asp Formulae for computing NPV in Excel. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/021115/what-formula-calculating-net-present-value-npv-excel.asp Gross Profit Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=129791 How to analyze acquisition? (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from WikiHow: https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-an-Acquisition Jan, I. (2013). ARR. Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Explained: https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/capital-budgeting/arr Net Profit Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/net-profit-ratio Nordmeyer, B. (n.d.). Why is Cash Budgeting important for the organization? Retrieved 2015, from azcentral: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/cash-budgeting-important-organization-24074.html NPV IRR. (2013). Retrieved 2015, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/corporate-finance/npv-net-present-value-irr-internal-rate-of-return.asp Performance Based Budgetting. (2015, april 24). Retrieved june 2015, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-based_budgeting Return On Capital Employed. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My accounting courses: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/return-on-capital-employed Return on equity ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from my accounting course: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/return-on-equity What is Budgeting? (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from My money coach: https://www.mymoneycoach.ca/budgeting/what-is-a-budget-planning-forecasting laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-50407143433005524082019-12-01T20:08:00.001-08:002019-12-01T20:08:04.946-08:00Prison Culture an Example byPrison Culture by Expert Prof Nelly | 22 Dec 2016 It is commonly acknowledged that in prisons, inmates influence on one another deepens criminal behavior that is already present. Inmates begin to learn the criminal ideology of the correctional facility. Generally, they also develop new habits of dressing, sleeping, eating. They develop a new language and become dependent upon others for food, work assignments, and protection. Further on, inmates without allies can find their time difficult. In order to better ensure self-protection, then, it is only natural that an inpidual inmate turns toward a gang affiliation, even within a context of zero tolerance of gang formation by institutional policy. Need essay sample on "Prison Culture" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Even within the restricted confines of a prison, gangs may have as much influence as they would normally have on streets. All such close-knit interactions between inmates and group dynamics inside a prison create and reinforce a distinct prison subculture. There develops a general culture of the penitentiary, in terms of folkways, mores, customs, as well as language (Hensley 2002). Language is normally very closely associated with culture. In prisons, the fact that inmates have a language to relate to the experiences of their daily life inside, with gangs communicating in a lingo interlaced with special terminologies, reflects the extent of prevalence and influence of prison culture upon inmates. A prison culture helps create a sense of identity, encourages a set of expected behaviors, and promotes distinct goals in the actions of those people who are incarcerated (Huft, Kite 2003). The prison culture, in effect, becomes a synthetic culture bringing together people from various criminal backgrounds, levels of education, cultures and ethnicities to share a new set of values and attitudes that would better suit the conditions of the prison. Any culture in normal human society consists of distinctive characteristics in regard to values and norms, beliefs and attitudes of the people that constitute it; a culture also covers such perse areas as relationships, communication and language, sense of self and space, appearance and dress, work habits and practices, and food and eating habits of the people, in short it creates a special mould for the entire lifestyle of a people making up a community. Prison cultures, even within often their highly abnormal settings, mirror cultures of normal societies in terms their wide-ranging influence on the thoughts and behavior of people. However, when compared to cultural patterns in normal societies, the cultural norms within prison societies appear highly skewed and understandably so, given the overly oppressive, dangerous and debilitating environment of a typical large-scale prison. There is a marked tendency for prison cultures to value order and obedience, power over the weak or disenfranchised, and strict adherence to policies and procedures. Such authoritative and fascist regime is almost inevitable in view of criminal psychology that understands only the language of power and not that of fairness and equality. As a consequence, many prisons are characterized by a culture of fear. Further, minorities are often over-represented in prison, and such a situation can lead to an overt manifestation of racism and sexism from the side of prison staff as well as bullies in the dominant group of a prison. Often, drugs and alcohol would have affected a very high percent of inmates in their former lives, and prisons normally encourage this tendency by making way for widespread use of drugs. Physical and mental abuse in various senses of the word would also be a common and fairly accepted practice among offenders inside a prision. Prison is a place that is concerned with the issue of security over and above anything else, in order to see that offenders do not escape or commit more atrocities within the prison; as a result, prison culture reflects this high orientation towards security, with inmates being kept excessively powerless so that they are forced to rely on correctional officers for too many number of reasons. Many adult offenders would have served considerable time in juvenile correctional facilities and thus been acculturated to the social and material conditions of prison. However, many other offenders would experience culture shock and psychological disorientation upon entering a prison community. The prison would seem a strange environment demanding considerable degree of adaptation. The new inmates would have to quickly learn to adhere to sets of formal and informal policies dictating every act of theirs from those concerning eating and sleeping to dressing and speaking and work schedules. It must be remembered that the new inmates would have hard time in adjusting to lack of privacy and isolation from family and social support systems. These freshly convicted offenders would soon grasp the peculiar vocabulary and gestures that would make them better fit in their new environment. They would quickly identify the power hierarchy within the offenders and within the staff, as well as in between the inmates and the staff. The ruthlessness and lack of mercy inside a prison must be stressed in this context. Offenders with physical or mental problems or other evident weaknesses would be extremely vulnerable for victimization. However, the common misery they experience, in terms of deprivation of goods and services, love and sexual relationships, and inpidual autonomy helps in forming a particularly strong bond among the inmates and therefore often a surprising unity characterizes prison culture. Since the 1970s, the United States has experienced the greatest increase in the number of new prisons. And it only seems to be accelerating every day. Currently the U.S. has a prison inmate rate of 724 for every 100,000 people of general population up from 505 in 1992 (Walmsley 2005). This increase basically reflects the change of emphasis of penal policy from one of rehabilitation to one of containment and incapacitation. There are several other factors such as citizens' greater fear of crime and an increase in media coverage and attention as crime has become a burning issue in our society, increased length and severity of new sentencing laws and guidelines, and war on drugs, which have aggravated the overcrowding situation inside the prisons. Overcrowding is becoming a fundamental characteristic of our prisons, and is making rehabilitation and moral upliftment of prisoners increasingly difficult; and instead is leading to deterioration of norms and values of inmates as well as the general environment inside the prison. Efforts to carry out educative and therapeutic work with offenders are often severely hindered by a range of problems associated with overcrowding excessive burdens made on prison staff, lack of oversight and lack of purposeful activity, in addition to the widespread availability and use of narcotic drugs. As it is, generally low levels of formal education, socially disadvantaged backgrounds, and a deficit in vocational skills in general characterize the prison population. Added to these, the overcrowding factor is making it difficult for prisoners to reform themselves to higher standards of culture and morality. Unfortunately, lack of any provision for effective rehabilitation in the prisons of modern day is an important cause for creating the overcrowding conditions inside the prison, and this overcrowding is in turn making it very difficult to effect rehabilitation schemes. Thus the situation is developing into a vicious circle, which is only likely to worsen in the future. Far from being conducive to the moral reform of the prisoners, our prisons have in effect become an expensive way of making bad people worse (Wilson 2006). This is a statement not just on prison culture but the general culture, or still the lack of it, in our modern civilized society. References: Hensley, C. 2002. Prison Sex: Practice and Policy. Boulder, Colarado : Lynne RiennerPublishers, Inc. Hufft, A, Winter 2003.Retrieved 2 October 2006 Walmsley, R. 2005. World Prison Population List. Sixth edition. International Centre for Prison Studies. King's College, London. Retrieved 2 October 2006 fromhttp://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf. Wilson, D. 2006. Prisons and How to Get Rid of Them. Public Management and Policy Association. PMPA Review. May 2006. Vol 33. Retrieved 2 October 2006 from http://www.cipfa.org/pmpa/download/david_wilson_article_2006.pdf#search=%22penal%20policy%20incapacitation%22. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-24975530418979397852019-11-26T20:17:00.001-08:002019-11-26T20:17:04.340-08:00Wireless Communications Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee essaysWireless Communications Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee essays There are a number of wireless technologies in use for low- to high- bit-rate transmissions in residential, light commercial, commercial, and industrial applications. These include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee. While many experts are predicting that one standard will outdo the other, this paper describes the benefits of these technologies and explains the unique position each has in the wireless spectrum. Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a high-frequency wireless local area network (TechTarget). The Wi-Fi technology is rapidly gaining acceptance in many companies as an alternative to a wired LAN and can also be installed for a home network. Wi-Fi is specified in the IEEE 802.11b specification and is part of a series of wireless specifications together with 802.11, 802.11a, and 802.11g. All four standards use the Ethernet protocol and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance for path sharing. Wi-Fi technology operates in the 2.4 GHz range offering data speeds up to 11 megabits per second. The modulation method selected for 802.11b is known as complementary code keying, which allows higher data speeds and is less susceptible to multipath-propagation interference than successors. Bluetooth is a specification that describes how devices such as mobile phones, computers, and personal digital assistants can be interconnected using a short-range wireless connection (TechTarget). Bluetooth requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be included in each device which transmits and receives in a band of 2.45 GHz that is available globally. In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can be point-to- point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1 megabits per second. A frequency hop scheme allows devices to communicate in areas wi... laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-82787167943509080322019-11-23T03:51:00.001-08:002019-11-23T03:51:04.441-08:00Math Journaling in the Classroom and OutMath Journaling in the Classroom and Out Journal writing can be a valuable technique to further develop and enhance your mathematical thinking and communication skills in mathematics. Journal entries in mathematics provide opportunities for individuals to self-assess what theyve learned. When one makes an entry into a math journal, it becomes a record of the experience received from the specific math exercise or problem-solving activity. The individual has to think about what he/she did in order to communicate it in writing; in so doing, one gains some valuable insight and feedback about the mathematical problem-solving process. The math no longer becomes a task whereby the individual simply follows the steps or rules of thumb. When a math journal entry is required as a follow up to the specific learning goal, one actually has to think about what was done and what was required to solve the specific math activity or problem. Math instructors also find that math journaling can be quite effective. When reading through the jour nal entries, a decision can be made to determine if further review is required. When an individual writes a math journal, they must reflect on what they have learned which becomes a great assessment technique for individuals and instructors. If math journals are something new, you will want to use the following strategies to assist the implementation of this valuable writing activity. Procedure A journal should be written at the end of a math exercise.Journal entries should be in a separate book, one used specifically for mathematical thinking.Math journals should contain specific details about the areas of difficulties and areas of success.The math journal entries should take no more than 5-7 minutes.Math journals can be done with children and adults. Younger children will draw pictures of the concrete math problem they have explored.Math journals should not be done daily, its more important to do math journals with new concepts in areas specifically related to growth in mathematical problem-solving.Be patient, math journaling takes time to learn. It is critical to understand that math journaling is an entry of the mathematical thinking processes. Theres no right or wrong way of thinking! Math Journal Prompts to Get You Started I knew I was right when......If I missed____________ I would have to__________________.The thing you have to remember with this kind of problem is........Tips I would give a friend to solve this problem are.........I wish I knew more about......How many times did you try to solve the problem? How did you finally solve it?Could you have found the answer by doing something different? What?What method did you use to solve this problem and why?Was this hard or easy? Why?Where else could you use this type of problem-solving?What would happen if you missed a step? Why?What other strategies could you use to solve this problem?Write 4 steps for somebody else that will be solving this problem.What would you like to do better next time?Were you frustrated with this problem? Why or why not?What decisions had to be made when solving this problem?What do you like about math? What dont you like about math?Is math your favorite subject? Why or why not? When one has to write about problem-solving strategies, it helps to clarify thinking. We will often discover solutions to problems when we write about the problem. Another strategy that helps to retain math concepts and support understanding is knowing how to take great notes in math. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-65973699502844993082019-11-21T04:07:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:07:05.426-08:00Ch8 - reflectional journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsCh8 - reflectional journal - Essay Example These tools can highly transform teaching skills and education. The ââ¬Å"high techâ⬠tools offer various advantages that range from lesson planning, lesson presentation, record keeping, and classroom management. Therefore, a teacher can be able to accomplish many tasks within a short period than when using the traditional method. Additionally, the tools can help to show subject-related documents like science and can also enlarge or rather zoom-in images presented in these subjects. Technology also presents internet-based sites that provide helpful information that students can use in their researches (Bates & Poole, 2003). This makes teaching easy and less boring than when using the traditional methods. My personal view is that technology should be utilized in almost all teaching practices. The reading presents social media as a platform that can be used to form oneââ¬â¢s own Professional Learning Community (PLC). In my view, I feel that social media acts as a communication and collaboration tool between me as a teacher and the students. Some of the social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and student blogs support this kind of interaction thus allowing effective learning environment. The social media can remain safe for student to use by ensuring personal and professional barriers are in place and also ensuring the language used is on task being learnt and is respectful (Bates & Poole, 2003). This way social media use will more effective and education level will laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-62246240368171925732019-11-19T17:24:00.001-08:002019-11-19T17:24:03.941-08:00Data summry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsData summry - Essay Example Also, the p value of the pairwise association between item (i) 4 and item (j) 67 equal 1.000; and so on for the other items. This is indicative of the insignificant relationship between those items or the relationship between them very small. In addition, it was likewise evident that item (i) 4 does not influence item(j) 67. Finally, when the Rasch model was implemented for the data coefficient items, the outcome posed significant results where z- value for some of them were more than 1.96. The discrimination of the Rasch model was therefore conclusive to be significant; meaning, the model has high ability to discriminate between items. When one tried to generate a two-parameter model for the data, the results were not at all conclusive and a massage was indicated, to wit: system is exactly singular. Therefore, there is a need to further test this model to generate a more conclusive result. In the last stage, using the two ââ¬âparameter or three- parameter model, one found that the two parameter model is better because it satisfies the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and the Bayesian information criteria (BIC). As the results indicated, the two-parameter is less than three-parameter laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-84429005340127991382019-11-17T05:55:00.001-08:002019-11-17T05:55:03.550-08:00Conditions for Equilibrium Essay Example for Free Conditions for Equilibrium Essay When we say equilibrium, it is a state of balance. It is a condition where there is no change in the state of motion of a body. Equilibrium also may be at rest or moving within a constant velocity. A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if no part of it is accelerating, unless it is disturbed by an outside force. Two conditions for equilibrium are that the net force acting on the object is zero, and the net torque acting on the object is zero. Thus, the following objectives were emphasized in this experiment: to determine the equilibrant force using the force table and the omponent method, to determine the unknown forces using the first condition and second conditions for equilibrium, to locate the centre of gravity of a composite body, and to demonstrate rational equilibrium. 2. Theory Equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant but oppositely directed. The first condition of equilibrium is when a body at rest or moving with uniform velocity has zero acceleration. The center of Gravity is the point where the weight of a body is assumed concentrate. The second condition of equilibrium is satisfied when the sum f all torques acting on an object about any axis equals zero. In activity 1, TA or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 TB or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan B plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 Experimental Equilibrant is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it. Theoretical Equilibrant= % Error = Exp. Theoretical X 100 Theoretical In activity 2, the equation Tl T2 cos e = O was used. From the equation, was derived to get the value ofT2 where, Tl is the reading on he spring scale when the pin is exactly at the middle of the ring e is the angle of the string makes with the horizontal Experimental Weight = T2 sin e Theoretical Weight= In activity 3, to check the results, the actual computation of center of gravity was used. Where XC and YC are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the circle, XS and YS of the center of gravity of the composite fgure. In activity 4, the equation was used, where, Xl is the length of the cylinder used X2 is the length of the center of gravity of the cylinder. And X3 is the length of the cylinder minus the 5. 0 cm. . Methodology There are 4 different kinds of activity in the experiment to determine the conditions for equilibrium. The materials used were the following: Force table and accessories, force board, cylinder of unknown weight, spring scale, electronic gram balance, card board, aluminum bar, cylinder of unknown weight, and protractor. For activity 1, the group used a force table, its three pans and accessories. The three pans were weighed and labeled as A, B and C. Pan A was hung at 30 degree mark and a 100g was placed on it whereas on pan B a150 g was placed and was hung at 200 degree mark. The group balanced the two tensions in the strings by placing weight on the pan C or adjusting its position in the force table to obtain the magnitude and position of the equilibrant. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using the component method. The group then computed the % error using the values obtained by the component method as your accepted value for magnitude as well as direction. Figure 1: Set-up for activity 1 For activity 2, a cylinder of unknown weight was suspended on the force board by means of two strings. A spring scale was then attached to one of the strings. One member of the group pulled the string horizontally until the pin was exactly at the middle of the ring. The reading on the spring scale was recorded as Tl . Another member of the group measured the angle that the other string makes with the horizontal and solved for the tension T2 of the other spring and the weight of a cylinder. Percent error was computed after. For activity 3, the group used a circle of diameter 10cm and a square of side 10 cm from the card board. The circle and the square was weighed and recorded as wc and Ws. The group determined the center f gravity of the composite fgure by using the balancing method and composite method. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein the plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from any point and measured where it intersects on the composite fgure. Figure 2: Balancing Method Figure 3: Plumbing Method For activity 4, the group first located the center of gravity of the aluminum bar by balancing it on a pencil. The cylinder used in activity 2 was hung 5. 0 cm from one end of the bar. Using the force board, the aluminum bar was supported by means of spring scale on the end and a string on the other end until the bar assumes a horizontal position. The group used the second condition for equilibrium to determine the weight of the bar and the tension in the string. Percent error was also computed. . Results and Discussion Activity 1 Tensions Magnitude (N) Position(0) TAI. 3105 300 1. 7962 2000 Experimental Equilibrant 0. 6241 3600 Theoretical Equilibrant 0. 5545 3560 % Error Table 1: Results of Activity 1 Table 1 shows the magnitude and the positions of the equilibrants and the tensions acting on the pans. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using he component method. The % error was computed using the values o btained by the component method as the accepted value for magnitude and the direction. Some factors that contributed the 13% error in this activity were the accuracy of the force table and its accessories used. Activity 2 Tl (N) 63 N (0) 440 T2 (N) 8. 7 N Experimental Weight (N) 6 N Theoretical Weight (N) 6. 3 N % Error 13. 2% Free Body Diagram of ring Table 2: Results of Activity 2 Table 2 shows the different unknown forces acting on the cylinder using the first condition for equilibrium. Some factors that contributed the 13. % error in this activity were the accuracy of the spring scale used and the pulling of the string horizontally. Activity 3 Weight of Square= 8. 36 g Weight of Circle= 6. 94 g Method Center of Gravity X- coordinate Y coordinate Plumb line Method 10 5. 2 Balancing Method 9. 55 4. 5 Computation 9. 54 5 Table 3: Results of Activity 3 Table 3 shows the x and y coordinates of the center of gravity of the component fgure using plumb line method, balancing method and the actual computation. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein he plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from computation was written in the manual. Activity 4 Reading of Spring Scale (N) 5 N Weight of cylinder (N) 5. 3238 N Experimental Weight of bar(N) 0. 7418 N Theoretical Weight of bar(N) 0. 7977 N % Error 7% Free Body Diagram of bar Table 4: Results of Activity 4 Table 4 shows the different unknown forces acting on the bar using the second condition for equilibrium. One factor that contributed the 7% error was due to the person holding the string at one end to make the cylinder bar in horizontal position 5. Conclusion Different activities in this experiment were accomplished to understand more about the conditions for equilibrium. Based from the results obtained by the group in the different activities, the group was able to determine the equilibrant force by using the force table and the component method. The unknown forces using the first and second conditions for equilibrium were determined. Using the square and circle fgure, the center of gravity of a composite body was located. Rotational equilibrium was demonstrated because the sum of all of the torques equals zero 6. Application 1 . State the first condition for equilibrium. If a body is in equilibrium, are there no forces acting on it? Equilibrium means the sum of all forces in all directions is equal to zero. It doesnt mean that there are no forces acting on it. It Just means that the forces that are acting on it are equal and opposite. 2. The Russell Traction system is used for a fractured femur. Identify the forces acting on the femur. If the weight hang is 5. 0 kg, find the force needed to immobilize the femur. What will supply this force? 3. What happens to the center of gravity of a person under the following situations? A. ) His upper right extremity is amputated. B. He carries all his books using the right arm only. )When ones upper right extremity is amputated, the center of gravity of the person would lean towards the right part of the body since the gravitational force on the remaining arm will push the center of gravity towards the right. b) When a person carries his books using only his right arm, the pull of gravity on the book would push the center of gravity of the body towards the left. 4. Devise a way by which you could determine your center of gravity. If the object is irregular in shape, the center of mass is always located closer to the more massive nd. Use felt pens to outline your partners body on a piece of butcher paper. Determine your partners approximate center of gravity by carefully cutting out the human outline and balancing it on your finger. Mark the center of gravity on your partners body with a piece of tape. Get a six foot piece of butcher paper and tape it feet. Mark their approximate center. Another way is to lie horizontally across the arm of a couch. The point where you are balanced is your center of gravity. 5. In general, the womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens. Can you explain why? Womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens because women have a bigger pelvis area. The skeletal structure of women make it so that their pelvis is bigger, since they will need the extra support come the time that they become pregnant, and their bodies support a baby. This means that the lower body of women is generally heavier in comparison to their whole body, as opposed to the lower body of men. This would make the center of gravity of women slightly lower, because more of their body mass is concentrated at the lower portion of their body. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2723229678553581478.post-81466697124330677872019-11-14T18:26:00.001-08:002019-11-14T18:26:03.571-08:00The Sound and the Fury Essay -- Sound FuryThe Sound and the Fury: Chronology of Despair Three little boys watch wearily and fearfully as their sister shimmies quickly up a tree to peer through the window of a dilapidated Southern farmhouse. Our attention focuses neither on her reaction to the festivities commencing in the house, nor on the danger suspended nervously in the dusky air as the tiny image worms up the tree trunk. Sensing the distress apparent in the boysââ¬â¢ words and actions, our eyes rivet to the same thing that fills their faces with apprehensionââ¬âthe dark and muddied stain of filth firmly planted on the bottom of the little girlââ¬â¢s underpants. This scene from William Faulknerââ¬â¢s The Sound and the Fury illustrates Faulknerââ¬â¢s incredible talent for storytelling that has enabled him to trap readers and critics in his spectrum of characters for decades. Weaving intense characters together with stories of despair and triumph, Faulkner produces a tapestry that blankets readers with his love/hate relationship with the South. However, in his novel The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner employs a vastly different method of creation. This story unfolds as a patchwork of chronological events told through the experiences, memories, and interpretations of three brothers infatuated and obsessed with the actions and absence of their sister, Caddy. Consisting of a multitude of colors laid out by Caddyââ¬â¢s actions and her brothersââ¬â¢ reactions, Faulknerââ¬â¢s true patchwork genius lies in the craftsmanship of his seam. Binding together multi-colored material created by similar experiences, Faulknerââ¬â¢s stitching tak es on a radically different, almost haphazard appearance. With each Compson brother producing a different type of stitching due to vastly different interpretations of their s... ...n Vase or Crucible of Race?" New Essays on The Sound and the Fury. Ed. Noel Polk. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 99-137. "Milkweed." Random House Websterââ¬â¢s College Dictionary. 1996 ed. Millgate, Michael. "The Sound and the Fury." Ed. David Minter. The Sound and the Fury. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. 297-310. Pouillon, Jean. "Time and Destiny in Faulkner." Ed. Robert Penn Warren. Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 79-93. Ross, Stephen M. "The ââ¬ËLoud Worldââ¬â¢ of Quentin Compson." Ed. Andre Bleikasten. William Faulknerââ¬â¢s The Sound and the Fury: A Critical Casebook. New York: Garland Pulishing, 1982. 101-114. Sartre, Jean-Paul. "On The Sound and the Fury: Time in the Work of Faulkner." Ed. Robert Penn Warren. Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 87-93. laysaanemy1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/14216724135457853716noreply@blogger.com0